Skip to content
PoliticalRepoPoliticalRepo

European Union · Bill · COD

2025/0227(COD)

Establishing Global Europe

rdg1European Union· European Parliament· EN

Introduced

23 October 2025

Last action

9 July 2026 · committee adopting opinion

Status

RDG1

Sponsors

—

Subjects

Discovery layer

Source updated

9 July 2026

Official titles

Authentic titles published by the source. The stored canonical title is not replaced.

23 official languages
  • Bulgarian

    Създаване на инструмента „Глобална Европа“

  • Czech

    Zřízení nástroje Globální Evropa

  • Danish

    Oprettelse af et globalt Europa

  • German

    Einrichtung des Instruments „Europa in der Welt“

  • Greek

    Θέσπιση του μηχανισμού «Παγκόσμια Ευρώπη»

  • Spanish

    Establecimiento de Europa Global

  • Estonian

    Instrumendi „Globaalne Euroopa“ loomine

  • Finnish

    Globaali Eurooppa -välineen perustaminen

  • French

    Établissement du programme «L'Europe dans le monde»

  • Irish

    An Eoraip Dhomhanda a bhunú

  • Croatian

    Uspostava Globalne Europe

  • Hungarian

    A Globális Európa létrehozása

  • Italian

    Istituzione di Europa globale

  • Lithuanian

    Priemonės „Globali Europa“ nustatymas

  • Latvian

    Instrumenta “Eiropa pasaulē” izveide

  • Maltese

    L-istabbiliment ta’ Ewropa Globali

  • Dutch

    Vaststelling van het instrument “Europa in de wereld”

  • Polish

    Ustanowienie „Globalnego wymiaru Europy”

  • Portuguese

    Criação do Europa Global

  • Romanian

    Instituirea instrumentului „Europa globală”

  • Slovak

    Zriadenie Globálnej Európy

  • Slovenian

    Vzpostavitev programa Globalna Evropa

  • Swedish

    Inrättande av Europa i världen

Records

Official bill 2025/0227(COD) from European Union at European Parliament. Dated 23 October 2025. Status: RDG1.

Timeline

  1. 23 October 2025

    referral

    Source: REFERRAL

  2. 23 October 2025

    Introduced

    Establishing Global Europe

    Source: COD

  3. 17 April 2026

    committee tabling report

    Source: COMMITTEE_TABLING_REPORT

  4. 26 May 2026

    committee tabling amendment

    Source: COMMITTEE_TABLING_AMENDMENT

  5. 3 June 2026

    committee adopting opinion

    Source: COMMITTEE_ADOPTING_OPINION

  6. 9 July 2026

    committee adopting opinion

    Source: COMMITTEE_ADOPTING_OPINION

Votes

No vote records are attached yet.

Versions

No version snapshots stored. Document URLs remain at the source.

Documents

426 official files

GROZĪJUMI Nr. 1692 - 2043 - Ziņojuma projekts Priekšlikums Eiropas Parlamenta un Padomes regulai, ar ko izveido instrumentu “Eiropa pasaulē”

View fileDownload file

This file cannot be previewed here. Use View or Download.

Reading translation

Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • GROZĪJUMI Nr. 1692 - 2043 - Ziņojuma projekts Priekšlikums Eiropas Parlamenta un Padomes regulai, ar ko izveido instrumentu “Eiropa pasaulē”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · LV · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

  • GROZĪJUMI Nr. 1692 - 2043 - Ziņojuma projekts Priekšlikums Eiropas Parlamenta un Padomes regulai, ar ko izveido instrumentu “Eiropa pasaulē”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · LV · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ÄNDRINGSFÖRSLAG 1692 - 2043 - Förslag till betänkande Inrättande av Europa i världen

    AMENDMENT_LIST · SV · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ÄNDRINGSFÖRSLAG 1692 - 2043 - Förslag till betänkande Inrättande av Europa i världen

    AMENDMENT_LIST · SV · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDEMENTEN 1692 - 2043 - Ontwerpverslag Vaststelling van het instrument “Europa in de wereld”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · NL · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDEMENTEN 1692 - 2043 - Ontwerpverslag Vaststelling van het instrument “Europa in de wereld”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · NL · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MUUDATUSETTEPANEKUD 1692–2043 - Raporti projekt Instrumendi „Globaalne Euroopa“ loomine

    AMENDMENT_LIST · ET · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MUUDATUSETTEPANEKUD 1692–2043 - Raporti projekt Instrumendi „Globaalne Euroopa“ loomine

    AMENDMENT_LIST · ET · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • POPRAWKI 1692 - 2043 - Projekt sprawozdania Ustanowienie „Globalnego wymiaru Europy”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · PL · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • POPRAWKI 1692 - 2043 - Projekt sprawozdania Ustanowienie „Globalnego wymiaru Europy”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · PL · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ 1692 - 2043 - Проект на доклад Предложение за регламент на Европейския парламент и на Съвета за създаване на инструмент „Глобална Европа“

    AMENDMENT_LIST · BG · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ 1692 - 2043 - Проект на доклад Предложение за регламент на Европейския парламент и на Съвета за създаване на инструмент „Глобална Европа“

    AMENDMENT_LIST · BG · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMANDMANI 1692 - 2043 - Nacrt izvješća Uspostava Globalne Europe

    AMENDMENT_LIST · HR · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMANDMANI 1692 - 2043 - Nacrt izvješća Uspostava Globalne Europe

    AMENDMENT_LIST · HR · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MÓDOSÍTÁS 1692 - 2043 - Jelentéstervezet A Globális Európa létrehozása

    AMENDMENT_LIST · HU · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MÓDOSÍTÁS 1692 - 2043 - Jelentéstervezet A Globális Európa létrehozása

    AMENDMENT_LIST · HU · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • EMENDAMENTI 1692 - 2043 - Progetto di relazione Istituzione di Europa globale

    AMENDMENT_LIST · IT · 26 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • EMENDAMENTI 1692 - 2043 - Progetto di relazione Istituzione di Europa globale

    AMENDMENT_LIST · IT · 26 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ÆNDRINGSFORSLAG 1692 - 2043 - Udkast til betænkning om oprettelse af et globalt Europa

    AMENDMENT_LIST · DA · 25 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ÆNDRINGSFORSLAG 1692 - 2043 - Udkast til betænkning om oprettelse af et globalt Europa

    AMENDMENT_LIST · DA · 25 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • POZMĚŇOVACÍ NÁVRHY 1692 - 2043 - Návrh zprávy Zřízení nástroje Globální Evropa

    AMENDMENT_LIST · CS · 25 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • POZMĚŇOVACÍ NÁVRHY 1692 - 2043 - Návrh zprávy Zřízení nástroje Globální Evropa

    AMENDMENT_LIST · CS · 25 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • TARKISTUKSET 1692 - 2043 - Mietintöluonnos Globaali Eurooppa ‑välineen perustaminen

    AMENDMENT_LIST · FI · 25 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • TARKISTUKSET 1692 - 2043 - Mietintöluonnos Globaali Eurooppa ‑välineen perustaminen

    AMENDMENT_LIST · FI · 25 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ΤΡΟΠΟΛΟΓΙΕΣ 1692 - 2043 - Σχέδιο έκθεσης Για τη θέσπιση του μηχανισμού «Παγκόσμια Ευρώπη»

    AMENDMENT_LIST · EL · 25 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ΤΡΟΠΟΛΟΓΙΕΣ 1692 - 2043 - Σχέδιο έκθεσης Για τη θέσπιση του μηχανισμού «Παγκόσμια Ευρώπη»

    AMENDMENT_LIST · EL · 25 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ALTERAÇÕES 1692 - 2043 - Projeto de relatório Criação do Europa Global

    AMENDMENT_LIST · PT · 25 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ALTERAÇÕES 1692 - 2043 - Projeto de relatório Criação do Europa Global

    AMENDMENT_LIST · PT · 25 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDAMENTELE 1692 - 2043 - Proiect de raport Instituirea instrumentului „Europa globală”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · RO · 17 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDAMENTELE 1692 - 2043 - Proiect de raport Instituirea instrumentului „Europa globală”

    AMENDMENT_LIST · RO · 17 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • OPINION on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing Global Europe

    OPINION_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE · EN · 15 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • OPINION on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing Global Europe

    OPINION_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE · EN · 15 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • ENMIENDAS 1692 - 2043 - Proyecto de informe Establecimiento de Europa Global

    AMENDMENT_LIST · ES · 11 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ENMIENDAS 1692 - 2043 - Proyecto de informe Establecimiento de Europa Global

    AMENDMENT_LIST · ES · 11 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDEMENTS 1692 - 2043 - Projet de rapport Établir «Europe dans le monde»

    AMENDMENT_LIST · FR · 11 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDEMENTS 1692 - 2043 - Projet de rapport Établir «Europe dans le monde»

    AMENDMENT_LIST · FR · 11 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ÄNDERUNGSANTRÄGE - Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing Global Europe

    AMENDMENT_LIST · DE · 11 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ÄNDERUNGSANTRÄGE - Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing Global Europe

    AMENDMENT_LIST · DE · 11 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • AMENDMENTS 1692 - 2043 - Draft report Establishing Global Europe

    AMENDMENT_LIST · EN · 3 June 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • AMENDMENTS 1692 - 2043 - Draft report Establishing Global Europe

    AMENDMENT_LIST · EN · 3 June 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • PROIECT DE RAPORT referitor la propunerea de regulament al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului de instituire a instrumentului „Europa globală”

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · RO · 4 May 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROIECT DE RAPORT referitor la propunerea de regulament al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului de instituire a instrumentului „Europa globală”

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · RO · 4 May 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • NÁVRH ZPRÁVY o návrhu nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady, kterým se zřizuje nástroj Globální Evropa

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · CS · 4 May 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • NÁVRH ZPRÁVY o návrhu nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady, kterým se zřizuje nástroj Globální Evropa

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · CS · 4 May 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • RAPORTI PROJEKT ettepaneku kohta võtta vastu Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu määrus, millega luuakse instrument „Globaalne Euroopa“

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · ET · 4 May 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • RAPORTI PROJEKT ettepaneku kohta võtta vastu Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu määrus, millega luuakse instrument „Globaalne Euroopa“

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · ET · 4 May 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • NÁVRH SPRÁVY o návrhu nariadenia Európskeho parlamentu a Rady, ktorým sa zriaďuje Globálna Európa

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · SK · 4 May 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • NÁVRH SPRÁVY o návrhu nariadenia Európskeho parlamentu a Rady, ktorým sa zriaďuje Globálna Európa

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · SK · 4 May 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • DRÉACHT-TUARASCÁIL maidir leis an togra le haghaidh Rialachán ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle lena mbunaítear an Eoraip Dhomhanda

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · GA · 4 May 2026

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • DRÉACHT-TUARASCÁIL maidir leis an togra le haghaidh Rialachán ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle lena mbunaítear an Eoraip Dhomhanda

    REPORT_PARLIAMENTARY_COMMITTEE_DRAFT · GA · 4 May 2026

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

PreviousDocuments page 3 of 9Next

Sponsors

Showing 48 of 53 sponsors and actors.

Related records

No cross-record relationships stored yet.

Sources

PoliticalRepo is an index and interpretation layer, not the authoritative legal source.