Skip to content
PoliticalRepoPoliticalRepo

European Union · Resolution · RSP

2014/2729(RSP)

Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

votedEuropean Union· European Parliament· EN

Introduced

17 July 2014

Last action

17 July 2014 · Introduced

Status

PLENARY_VOTE

Sponsors

—

Subjects

Discovery layer

Source updated

17 July 2014

Official titles

Authentic titles published by the source. The stored canonical title is not replaced.

22 official languages
  • Bulgarian

    Нигерия - неотдавнашни нападения от страна на Боко Харам

  • Czech

    Nedávné útoky sekty Boko Haram v Nigérii

  • Danish

    Nigeria: Boko Harams seneste angreb

  • German

    Nigeria: die jüngsten Angriffe von Boko Haram

  • Greek

    Νιγηρία, πρόσφατες επιθέσεις από την Boko Haram

  • Spanish

    Nigeria, recientes atentados de Boko Haram

  • Estonian

    Nigeeria, Boko Harami hiljutised rünnakud

  • Finnish

    Nigeria ja Boko Haramin viimeaikaiset hyökkäykset

  • French

    Nigeria, récentes attaques menées par Boko Haram

  • Croatian

    Nigerija, nedavni napadi Boko Harama

  • Hungarian

    Nigéria: a Boko Haram legújabb támadásai

  • Italian

    Nigeria, recenti attacchi da parte di Boko Haram

  • Lithuanian

    Nigerija: neseniai įvykdyti organizacijos „Boko Haram“ išpuoliai

  • Latvian

    Nigērija - nesenie Boko Haram uzbrukumi

  • Maltese

    Niġerja, attakki reċenti minn Boko Haram

  • Dutch

    Nigeria, recente aanvallen van Boko Haram

  • Polish

    Nigeria, ostatnie ataki Boko Haram

  • Portuguese

    Nigéria: recentes ataques do Boko Haram

  • Romanian

    Nigeria, atacuri recente ale Boko Haram

  • Slovak

    Nigéria: nedávne útoky skupiny Boko Haram

  • Slovenian

    Nedavni napadi skupine Boko Haram v Nigeriji

  • Swedish

    Nigeria: attacker nyligen från Boko Haram

Records

Official resolution 2014/2729(RSP) from European Union at European Parliament. Dated 17 July 2014. Status: PLENARY_VOTE.

Timeline

  1. 17 July 2014

    Vote results

    Source: PLENARY_VOTE_RESULTS

  2. 17 July 2014

    Introduced

    Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    Source: RSP

Votes

No vote records are attached yet.

Versions

No version snapshots stored. Document URLs remain at the source.

Documents

209 official files

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

View fileDownload file

This file cannot be previewed here. Use View or Download.

Leesvertaling

Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION sur Nigeria, les récentes attaques de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · FR · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION sur Nigeria, les récentes attaques de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · FR · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Nigeria, recent attacks by Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION · EN · 4 November 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Leesvertaling

    Vertaal dit document naar jouw taal. PoliticalRepo bewaart geen aparte kopie per EU-taal.

    Documentvertaling op verzoek met downloadbare PDF (logo + link naar de officiële bron). Het bronbestand blijft leidend.

  • PROPUNERE COMUNĂ DE REZOLUȚIE referitoare la Nigeria - recentele atacuri comise de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · RO · 17 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPUNERE COMUNĂ DE REZOLUȚIE referitoare la Nigeria - recentele atacuri comise de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · RO · 17 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • BENDRAS PASIŪLYMAS DĖL REZOLIUCIJOS Nigerija: neseniai įvykdyti organizacijos „Boko Haram“ išpuoliai

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · LT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • BENDRAS PASIŪLYMAS DĖL REZOLIUCIJOS Nigerija: neseniai įvykdyti organizacijos „Boko Haram“ išpuoliai

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · LT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • KOPĪGS REZOLŪCIJAS PRIEKŠLIKUMS par Nigēriju - nesenie Boko Haram uzbrukumi

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · LV · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • KOPĪGS REZOLŪCIJAS PRIEKŠLIKUMS par Nigēriju - nesenie Boko Haram uzbrukumi

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · LV · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION COMMUNE sur le Nigeria – récentes attaques de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · FR · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION COMMUNE sur le Nigeria – récentes attaques de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · FR · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPUESTA DE RESOLUCIÓN COMÚN sobre Nigeria y los recientes ataques de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · ES · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPUESTA DE RESOLUCIÓN COMÚN sobre Nigeria y los recientes ataques de Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · ES · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ZAJEDNIČKI PRIJEDLOG REZOLUCIJE o Nigeriji – najnoviji napadi skupine Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · HR · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ZAJEDNIČKI PRIJEDLOG REZOLUCIJE o Nigeriji – najnoviji napadi skupine Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · HR · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • GEMEINSAMER ENTSCHLIESSUNGSANTRAG zu Nigeria und den jüngsten Angriffen von Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · DE · 16 July 2014

    DownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • GEMEINSAMER ENTSCHLIESSUNGSANTRAG zu Nigeria und den jüngsten Angriffen von Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · DE · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • GEMEINSAMER ENTSCHLIESSUNGSANTRAG zu Nigeria und den jüngsten Angriffen von Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · DE · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • GEMEINSAMER ENTSCHLIESSUNGSANTRAG zu Nigeria und den jüngsten Angriffen von Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · DE · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • RESOLUTSIOONI ÜHISETTEPANEK Nigeeria ja Boko Harami hiljutiste rünnakute kohta

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · ET · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • RESOLUTSIOONI ÜHISETTEPANEK Nigeeria ja Boko Harami hiljutiste rünnakute kohta

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · ET · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • KÖZÖS ÁLLÁSFOGLALÁSRA IRÁNYULÓ INDÍTVÁNY Nigéria – a Boko Haram legújabb támadásai

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · HU · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • KÖZÖS ÁLLÁSFOGLALÁSRA IRÁNYULÓ INDÍTVÁNY Nigéria – a Boko Haram legújabb támadásai

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · HU · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • FÆLLES BESLUTNINGSFORSLAG om Nigeria – Boko Harams seneste angreb

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · DA · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • FÆLLES BESLUTNINGSFORSLAG om Nigeria – Boko Harams seneste angreb

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · DA · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MOZZJONI GĦAL RIŻOLUZZJONI KONĠUNTA dwar in-Niġerja – attakki reċenti mill-Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · MT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • MOZZJONI GĦAL RIŻOLUZZJONI KONĠUNTA dwar in-Niġerja – attakki reċenti mill-Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · MT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • SPOLEČNÝ NÁVRH USNESENÍ o Nigérii – nedávné útoky skupiny Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · CS · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • SPOLEČNÝ NÁVRH USNESENÍ o Nigérii – nedávné útoky skupiny Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · CS · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ ЗА ОБЩА РЕЗОЛЮЦИЯ Относно Нигерия: неотдавнашните атаки на „Боко Харам“

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · BG · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ ЗА ОБЩА РЕЗОЛЮЦИЯ Относно Нигерия: неотдавнашните атаки на „Боко Харам“

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · BG · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSTA DE RESOLUÇÃO COMUM sobre a Nigéria – ataques recentes do Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · PT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSTA DE RESOLUÇÃO COMUM sobre a Nigéria – ataques recentes do Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · PT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • WSPÓLNY PROJEKT REZOLUCJI w sprawie Nigerii – niedawne zamachy Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · PL · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • WSPÓLNY PROJEKT REZOLUCJI w sprawie Nigerii – niedawne zamachy Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · PL · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • YHTEINEN PÄÄTÖSLAUSELMAESITYS Nigeriasta ja Boko Haramin viimeaikaisista hyökkäyksistä

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · FI · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • YHTEINEN PÄÄTÖSLAUSELMAESITYS Nigeriasta ja Boko Haramin viimeaikaisista hyökkäyksistä

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · FI · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • NÁVRH SPOLOČNÉHO UZNESENIA o Nigérii – nedávne útoky organizácie Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · SK · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • NÁVRH SPOLOČNÉHO UZNESENIA o Nigérii – nedávne útoky organizácie Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · SK · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSTA DI RISOLUZIONE COMUNE sulla Nigeria e i recenti attacchi di Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · IT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • PROPOSTA DI RISOLUZIONE COMUNE sulla Nigeria e i recenti attacchi di Boko Haram

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · IT · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

  • SKUPNI PREDLOG RESOLUCIJE o nedavnih napadih skupine Boko Haram v Nigeriji

    RESOLUTION_MOTION_JOINT · SL · 16 July 2014

    ViewDownloadOpen at official source

    Reading translation

    Translate this document into your language. PoliticalRepo does not store a separate copy per EU language.

    On-demand whole-document translation with a downloadable PDF (logo + link to the official source). The official file stays authoritative.

PreviousDocuments page 4 of 5Next

Sponsors

No sponsors or actors listed by the source.

Related records

No cross-record relationships stored yet.

Sources

PoliticalRepo is an index and interpretation layer, not the authoritative legal source.