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Official portrait of Sen. Budd, Ted [R-NC]

Sen. Budd, Ted [R-NC]

United States · Official source

Records

2,264 records where Sen. Budd, Ted [R-NC] is listed as a sponsor, author, or other actor. Search with topics and years

Bill· HRH.R. 6364 (116th)referred

Securing and Enabling Commerce Using Remote and Electronic Notarization Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 23 March 2020

Securing and Enabling Commerce Using Remote and Electronic Notarization Act of 2020 This bill allows a notary public commissioned under state law to remotely notarize electronic records and requires recognition of notarizations performed under the laws of other states. Under the bill, a notary public may remotely notarize electronic records occurring in or affecting interstate commerce if (1) the individual and the notary public are able to electronically communicate by sight and sound simultaneously (i.e., by video chat); (2) the notary verifies the individual's identity and records the notarization; and (3) the notarization complies with other requirements, such as those relating to the attachment of a stamp or seal to the electronic record. Additionally, the bill allows a notary public to remotely notarize electronic records involving an individual located outside of the United States, subject to certain requirements. The bill also requires U.S. courts and states to recognize notarizations, including remote notarizations of electronic records, that occur in or affect interstate commerce and are performed by a notary public commissioned under the laws of other states.

Bill· HRH.R. 6338 (116th)referred

Pandemic Healthcare Access Act

United States · United States Congress · 23 March 2020

Pandemic Healthcare Access Act This bill preserves the eligibility of health savings account (HSA) participants covered by any health plan during the coronavirus emergency period. The coronavirus emergency period is the period beginning on March 13, 2020, and ending on the later of (1) the last day on which a presidential declaration of emergency under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act with respect to the coronavirus (i.e., the virus that causes COVID-19) is in effect, or (2) the last day on which a presidential declaration of national emergency under the National Emergencies Act with respect to the coronavirus is in effect.

Bill· HRH.R. 6336 (116th)referred

Increasing Hospital Capacity to Fight the Coronavirus Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 23 March 2020

Increasing Hospital Capacity to Fight the Coronavirus Act of 2020 This bill allows unapproved capital expenses that are made by health care facilities during the public health emergency declared on January 31, 2020, relating to COVID-19 (i.e., coronavirus disease 2019) to be included in federal payment determinations under Medicare and Medicaid.

Bill· HRH.R. 6297 (116th)referred

Informed Resident Notification Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 19 March 2020

Informed Resident Notification Act of 2020 This bill requires the Department of Housing and Urban Development to establish guidelines, requirements, and procedures for public housing agencies to promptly notify residents if any resident of the public housing project has tested positively for COVID-19 (i.e., coronavirus disease 2019).

Bill· HRH.R. 6285 (116th)referred

Veterans’ True Choice Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 13 March 2020

Veterans' True Choice Act of 2020 This bill allows covered veterans to receive coverage under TRICARE Select, a health care program of the Department of Defense (DOD). Veterans covered by this bill include those with service-connected disabilities, former prisoners of war, Purple Heart recipients, Medal of Honor recipients, those discharged from service due to disability, and those entitled to disability compensation. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) must reimburse DOD's costs of enrolling eligible veteran beneficiaries in the program. A covered veteran may not concurrently receive medical care from DOD and the VA.

Bill· HRH.R. 6241 (116th)referred

Touchless Transactions Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 12 March 2020

Touchless Transactions Act of 2020 This bill prohibits an issuer of an electronic fund transfer from requiring an individual's signature for a point-of-sale transfer that is initiated by a swipe, dip, or tap transaction.  

Bill· HRH.R. 6269 (116th)referred

Insured Depository Institution Business Continuity Planning Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 12 March 2020

Insured Depository Institution Business Continuity Planning Act of 2020 This bill requires federal banking agencies to set standards related to business continuity planning and management for all insured depository institutions.

Bill· HRH.R. 6242 (116th)referred

SEC Relief to Slow the Spread of Coronavirus Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 12 March 2020

SEC Relief to Slow the Spread of Coronavirus Act of 2020 This bill temporarily allows for securities law requirements related to in-person meetings and document delivery to be met electronically.

Bill· HRH.R. 6219 (116th)referred

SAFE at Work Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 12 March 2020

Safeguarding Americans From Epidemics at Work Act of 2020 or SAFE at Work Act of 2020 This bill allows employers a tax credit through 2021 for their employees who telework at least 12 regularly scheduled business days during a month. It also reinstates in 2020 and 2021 the 2% floor on miscellaneous itemized tax deductions and the overall limitation on itemized deductions.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 896 (116th)referred

Reaffirming support of fundamental United States principles at the United Nations and encouraging the World Health Organization to embrace technological advancements in tobacco control.

United States · United States Congress · 11 March 2020

This resolution directs the Department of State and the Department of Health and Human Services to encourage the United Nations and the World Health Organization to adopt policies to advance technology and innovation that can reduce the burden of death and disease caused from cigarette smoking.

Bill· HRH.R. 6211 (116th)referred

Earmark Elimination Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 11 March 2020

Earmark Elimination Act of 2020 This bill establishes a point of order in the House of Representatives against considering legislation that contains a congressional earmark, limited tax benefit, or limited tariff benefit. If the point of order is raised and sustained, the congressional earmark, limited tax benefit, or limited tariff benefit shall be deemed to be stricken from the legislation.

Bill· HRH.R. 6204 (116th)referred

Camp Lejeune Justice Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 11 March 2020

Camp Lejeune Justice Act of 2020 This bill allows certain individuals to sue and recover damages for harm from exposure to contaminated water at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina between August 1, 1953, and December 31, 1987. This action is available only to individuals who were exposed to contaminated water for at least 30 days. The bill prohibits the U.S. government from asserting immunity from litigation in response to such a lawsuit. The bill also prohibits an individual who brings such an action from bringing a separate tort action against the United States based on the same harm. However, an individual who had previously sued based on such harms, regardless of the reason for the termination of the earlier lawsuit, may sue under this bill.

Bill· HRH.R. 6128 (116th)referred

Eliminate Agency Excess Space Act

United States · United States Congress · 9 March 2020

Eliminate Agency Excess Space Act This bill modifies requirements with respect to the disposal of surplus and excess property by federal agencies. Among other things, the bill repeals provisions that require federal agencies to report excess property to the General Services Administration (GSA). Additionally, the GSA must issue regulations that allow federal agencies to dispose of surplus and excess property without first making the property available to other agencies or state or local governments. The bill also requires the GSA to survey all unused or underutilized office spaces held by federal agencies, make recommendations to reduce agency real estate assets, and report on costs associated with property disposal.

Bill· HRH.R. 6099 (116th)referred

Equal Treatment of Faith-Based Organizations Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 5 March 2020

Equal Treatment of Faith-Based Organizations Act of 2020 This bill provides statutory authority for certain restrictions on conditions for financial assistance and program participation imposed by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) with respect to faith-based organizations. Specifically, HHS shall not impose specified conditions on faith-based organizations regarding the receipt of HHS funds or the participation in HHS programs, such as requirements to disclose religious affiliation, if those conditions are not imposed on organizations that are not faith-based. In addition, HHS shall not require any organization to refer a beneficiary who objects to the religious character of that organization to an alternative provider. States and local governments that administer HHS funds must adhere to these requirements, as well. Under current law, these restrictions apply to HHS financial assistance and programs through an executive order concerning the administration of federal grants and programs related to faith-based organizations.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 886 (116th)referred

Condemning Charles "Chuck" Schumer, Senator of New York.

United States · United States Congress · 5 March 2020

This resolution condemns Senator Schumer of New York for certain comments made on March 4, 2020, at a rally outside of the Supreme Court.

Bill· HRH.R. 6116 (116th)referred

Consumer Financial Protection Commission Act

United States · United States Congress · 5 March 2020

Consumer Financial Protection Commission Act This bill removes the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau from the Federal Reserve System, converts the bureau into an independent commission, and modifies its leadership structure. Specifically, the bill eliminates the positions of director and deputy director and establishes a five-person commission appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

Bill· HRH.R. 6083 (116th)referred

Labor Certainty for Food Security Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 4 March 2020

Labor Certainty for Food Security Act of 2020 This bill establishes a new H-2C nonimmigrant visa for aliens coming temporarily to the United States to perform agricultural labor, directs the Department of Homeland Security to create a mandatory electronic employment eligibility verification system, and modifies the H-2A visa program for temporary agricultural workers.

Bill· HRH.R. 5995 (116th)referred

Major Richard Star Act

United States · United States Congress · 27 February 2020

Major Richard Star Act This bill provides that a combat-disabled uniformed services retiree with fewer than 20 years of creditable service may concurrently receive, without reduction veterans' disability compensation, and retired pay or combat-related special compensation.

Bill· HRH.R. 5985 (116th)referred

Foreign Robocall Elimination Act

United States · United States Congress · 27 February 2020

Foreign Robocall Elimination Act This bill requires the Federal Communications Commission to establish an interagency task force to study the most effective ways to combat unlawful robocalls made into the United States from foreign sources.

Bill· HRH.R. 5875 (116th)referred

Protect Our Military Families’ 2nd Amendment Rights Act

United States · United States Congress · 12 February 2020

Protect Our Military Families' 2nd Amendment Rights Act This bill broadens the scope of allowable firearm transactions involving active duty service members and their spouses. Specifically, the bill allows a licensed gun dealer, importer, or manufacturer to sell or ship a firearm or ammunition to the spouse of a member of the Armed Forces on active duty outside the United States. (Current law already allows a licensed dealer, importer, or manufacturer to sell or ship a firearm or ammunition to a member of the Armed Forces on active duty outside the United States.) The bill also specifies that, for purposes of federal firearms laws, a member of the Armed Forces on active duty, or his or her spouse, is a resident of the state in which (1) the member or spouse maintains legal residence, (2) the permanent duty station of the member is located, and (3) the member maintains a home from which he or she commutes to the permanent duty station.

Bill· HRH.R. 5862 (116th)referred

Stop Greenlighting Driver Licenses for Illegal Immigrants Act

United States · United States Congress · 12 February 2020

Stop Greenlighting Driver Licenses for Illegal Immigrants Act This bill prohibits a state from receiving certain federal law enforcement grants if it takes certain immigration-related actions. Specifically, a state is barred from receiving such grants if it (1) issues a driver license to an individual who does not have proof of U.S. citizenship or lawful presence in the United States, or (2) prohibits a local or state government entity or official from sharing immigration enforcement information with the Department of Homeland Security.

Bill· HRH.R. 5831 (116th)referred

Protecting Life in Foreign Assistance Act

United States · United States Congress · 10 February 2020

Protecting Life in Foreign Assistance Act This bill prohibits the use of federal funds for purposes outside the United States related to abortion. Specifically, the bill prohibits funding to certain foreign or domestic organizations that perform or promote abortions, furnish or develop items intended to procure abortions, or provide financial support for an entity that conducts such activities. Current U.S. policy prohibits the provision of federal funds to a foreign nongovernmental organization unless it agrees to not perform or actively promote abortions.

Bill· HRH.R. 5782 (116th)referred

NEST Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 6 February 2020

National Education Security Training Act of 2020 or the NEST Act of 2020 This bill amends the Internal Revenue Code to allow a $1,500 tax credit for veterans and retired law enforcement officers who are employed part-time by a local law enforcement agency to patrol one or more elementary or secondary schools or institutions of higher education.

Bill· HRH.R. 5769 (116th)referred

SHAM Act

United States · United States Congress · 6 February 2020

Statement of Harm to the American Majority Act or the SHAM Act This bill requires the Government Accountability Office to conduct an audit of the use of funds and loss of productivity relating to the impeachment and trial of President Donald Trump.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 832 (116th)passed

Raising a question of the privileges of the House.

United States · United States Congress · 5 February 2020

This resolution disapproves of certain behavior of Speaker Pelosi during the joint session of Congress held on February 4, 2020.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 818 (116th)referred

Expressing support for a balanced budget.

United States · United States Congress · 30 January 2020

This resolution opposes raising the debt ceiling without significant fiscal and spending reforms that would put the United States on a path to a balanced budget.

Bill· HRH.R. 5713 (116th)referred

Safe Bases Act

United States · United States Congress · 29 January 2020

Safe Bases Act This bill provides statutory authority for the Department of Defense (DOD) to allow a service member to carry a concealed firearm while on any military installation. DOD must establish a single authority within the department to issue permits for this purpose. To be eligible for a permit, the service member must be on active duty and must not be prohibited under federal law from purchasing, owning, or possessing a firearm.

Bill· HRH.R. 5698 (116th)referred

Promoting Secure 5G Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 28 January 2020

Promoting Secure 5G Act of 2020 This bill requires the Department of the Treasury to instruct the U.S. Executive Director at each international financial institution (e.g., the International Monetary Fund or the International Finance Corporation) that it is U.S. policy to support institutional assistance with advanced wireless technologies only if they provide appropriate security for users, encourage assistance with infrastructure or policy reforms that facilitate the use of secure advanced wireless technologies, and cooperate with institutional member states to strengthen international support for such technologies.

Bill· HRH.R. 5656 (116th)referred

Working Families Flexibility Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 17 January 2020

Working Families Flexibility Act of 2020 This bill revises requirements for the receipt of compensatory time off for private sector employees. Specifically, the bill authorizes private employers to provide compensatory time off to their employees at a rate of one and one-half hours for each hour of employment for which overtime compensation otherwise is required; employees may accrue a maximum of 160 hours of compensatory time. Employers are prohibited from interfering with an employee's right to or not request compensatory time off in lieu of payment of overtime compensation or from requiring an employee to use such compensatory time, and must give their employees 30-days notice before discontinuing a compensatory time policy. Employers are liable to employees for damages from violations of these requirements.

Bill· HRH.R. 5629 (116th)referred

FLIP Act

United States · United States Congress · 16 January 2020

Financial Literacy Improvement for Professionals Act of 2020 or the FLIP Act This bill authorizes the Department of Education to award grants to institutions of higher education, national nonprofits, and the Bureau of Indian Education to provide teachers with professional development activities related to financial literacy.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 799 (116th)referred

Supporting efforts to preserve Vietnamese and Vietnamese-American heritage and history and recognizing the accomplishments and contributions of Vietnamese Americans.

United States · United States Congress · 15 January 2020

This resolution (1) supports preserving Vietnamese-American history and heritage, (2) recognizes the U.S. Refugee Admission Program for facilitating entry into the United States and permanent status for many Vietnamese Americans, and (3) condemns human rights violations by Vietnam and calls on that government to end such violations.

Bill· HRH.R. 5605 (116th)referred

United States-Israel PTSD Collaborative Research Act

United States · United States Congress · 14 January 2020

United States-Israel PTSD Collaborative Research Act This bill establishes a grant program for collaborative efforts between the United States and Israel to advance research on post-traumatic stress disorders. The Department of Defense, in coordination with the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of State, shall award grants to eligible academic institutions or nonprofit entities in the United States. Work shall be conducted by the eligible entity and an entity in Israel under a joint research agreement.

Bill· HRH.R. 5596 (116th)referred

Personalized Care Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 14 January 2020

Personalized Care Act of 2020 This bill revises provisions relating to health savings accounts (HSAs), including to redefine eligible individual for HSA purposes to allow increased participation in HSAs, increase the limit on contributions to HSAs, permit the payment of health insurance premiums from HSAs, include within the definition of qualified medical expenses periodic fees paid for medical services and amounts paid by a member of a health care sharing ministry, treat periodic provider fees as deductible medical expenses, allow payment of over-the-counter medicines or drugs from HSAs, and lower the 20% penalty for nonqualified distributions from HSAs to 10%. .

Bill· HRH.R. 5595 (116th)referred

Israel Anti-Boycott Act

United States · United States Congress · 13 January 2020

Israel Anti-Boycott Act This bill prohibits participation by certain entities and individuals in boycotts or requests for boycotts imposed by international governmental organizations (i.e., the United Nations and the European Union). Specifically, the bill applies to covered persons the prohibition of specified actions in compliance with or in support of a boycott against a country that is friendly to the United States and that is not itself the object of a U.S. boycott. The bill defines a covered person as a domestic concern, the U.S. government or a state government, or a representative or official of such domestic concern or government. The bill also adds to the list of specified prohibited actions the act of furnishing information to any foreign country or international governmental organization that furthers an imposed boycott. Under current law, a person who violates the prohibitions against such boycotts may be subject to a monetary fine or imprisonment; however, the bill removes imprisonment as a potential penalty for certain violations.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 791 (116th)referred

Condemning the actions of the Government of Iran and supporting the protesters in Iran, their demands for accountability, and their desire for the Government of Iran to respect freedom and human rights.

United States · United States Congress · 13 January 2020

This resolution condemns the actions of Iran with respect to Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752. It also expresses support for the protestors in Iran and condemns Iran for killing citizens protesting their government. In addition, it calls on Iran to refrain from using violence and to protect the rights of freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.

Bill· HRH.R. 5577 (116th)referred

No Social Security for Illegal Aliens Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 10 January 2020

No Social Security for Illegal Aliens Act of 2020 This bill prohibits an individual from collecting Social Security benefits based on wages and income earned for services illegally performed in the United States while the individual was an alien.

Bill· HRH.R. 5574 (116th)referred

Preserving Small Business Lending Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 10 January 2020

Preserving Small Business Lending Act of 2020 This bill repeals provisions requiring financial institutions to collect and report to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau specified information regarding women-owned, minority-owned, and small businesses applying for a loan.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 788 (116th)referred

Expressing the sense of Congress that the Office of the Speaker of the House is vacant.

United States · United States Congress · 10 January 2020

This resolution states that Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi is unable to perform an essential part of her administrative duties and is consequently incapacitated. Furthermore, such incapacity creates a vacancy in the office of the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 782 (116th)referred

Encouraging public schools to design and teach a curriculum about the history of anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, and the vital and historic importance of the Jewish State of Israel.

United States · United States Congress · 9 January 2020

This resolution condemns the rise of anti-Semitic attacks and calls on law enforcement officials to hold perpetrators accountable. The resolution also encourages public schools to teach about the history of anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and the historic importance of the creation of the Jewish State of Israel.

Bill· HRH.R. 5571 (116th)referred

Revamping American Infrastructure Act of 2020

United States · United States Congress · 9 January 2020

Revamping American Infrastructure Act of 2020 This bill addresses the use of performance-based standards by the Department of Transportation (DOT). Specifically, DOT must invite the public to identify DOT regulations, guidance, and policies that establish prescriptive requirements for regulated entities that can be replaced with performance-based standards; submit and implement a plan to address feedback from the public that includes a detailed plan to replace the regulations, guidance, and policies with such standards; and ensure that its regulations, guidance, and policies issued are issued as performance-based standards.

Bill· HRH.R. 5434 (116th)referred

RPM Act of 2019

United States · United States Congress · 16 December 2019

Recognizing the Protection of Motorsports Act of 2019 or the RPM Act of 2019 This bill authorizes the modification of a vehicle's air emission controls for vehicles that are not legal for operation on a street or highway and are used solely for competition.

Bill· HRH.R. 5417 (116th)referred

Significant Transnational Criminal Organization Designation Act

United States · United States Congress · 12 December 2019

Significant Transnational Criminal Organization Designation Act This bill makes membership in a significant transnational criminal organization a ground for inadmissibility into the United States and provides for criminal penalties against those that provide material support to such an organization. The bar against admission applies to an alien member of such an organization and an alien spouse or child of such an individual. The bar shall not apply to a spouse or child who (1) did not know, or should not reasonably have known, that the individual was a member of such an organization; or (2) has renounced the organization in question. The bill establishes statutory authority and procedures for the Department of Justice to designate an organization a significant transnational criminal organization. The Department of the Treasury may require U.S. financial institutions to block transactions involving assets belonging to such an organization. An individual who knowingly provides material support or resources to a significant transnational criminal organization (or attempts or conspires to do so) shall be fined, imprisoned for up to 20 years, or both. If the death of any person is the result, the offending individual may be imprisoned for any term of years or for life. A financial institution that becomes aware that it possesses or controls funds belonging to such an organization shall retain such funds and notify Treasury.

Bill· HRH.R. 5410 (116th)referred

Interstate Milk Freedom Act of 2019

United States · United States Congress · 12 December 2019

Interstate Milk Freedom Act of 2019 This bill prohibits federal regulation of the interstate traffic of unpasteurized milk or milk products packaged for direct human consumption under specified circumstances. Specifically, the prohibition applies if (1) such products would be considered adulterated or misbranded or otherwise in violation of federal law solely because they are unpasteurized; (2) the products are allowed by the state of origin to be distributed for direct human consumption by any means; (3) they are produced, packaged, and moved in compliance with the laws of such state; and (4) they are moved from the state of origin with the intent to transport them to another state that allows the distribution of such products for direct human consumption.

Bill· HRH.R. 19 (116th)referred

Lower Costs, More Cures Act of 2019

United States · United States Congress · 9 December 2019

Lower Costs, More Cures Act of 2019 This bill establishes and modifies several requirements to address prescription drug prices under Medicare, Medicaid, and other programs. The bill generally limits payment amounts for drugs and biologics under Medicare medical services, reduces cost-sharing under the Medicare prescription drug benefit, modifies certain authorities and requirements under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, revises provisions relating to regulatory approval and commercial availability of generics and biosimilars, and establishes several reporting requirements for drug manufacturers with respect to drug prices.

Bill· HRH.R. 5341 (116th)referred

Discouraging Frivolous Lawsuits Act

United States · United States Congress · 6 December 2019

Discouraging Frivolous Lawsuits Act This bill revises requirements concerning (1) citizen suits under the Clean Water Act, (2) permits for wetlands, and (3) wetland mitigation. Litigation costs (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) must be awarded to the prevailing party, thus the bill removes a court's discretion to award the fees. A prevailing party is defined as the party that prevails on more than half of the claims at issue. In addition, the bill repeals the authority of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to deny or restrict the use of any area as a disposal site for dredged or fill material when the discharge of those materials would have an unacceptable adverse effect on municipal water supplies, shellfish beds and fishery areas, wildlife, or recreational areas. Finally, the bill revises mitigation requirements. Current law requires compensatory mitigation to replace the loss of aquatic resource functions in a watershed when a permit to discharge dredged or fill materials into navigable waters has unavoidable impacts on aquatic resources. This bill prohibits government entities from carrying out compensatory mitigation in excess of existing regulatory requirements.

Bill· HRH.R. 5289 (116th)referred

Home Defense and Competitive Shooting Act of 2019

United States · United States Congress · 3 December 2019

Home Defense and Competitive Shooting Act of 2019 This bill removes short-barreled rifles (barrels of less than 16 inches in length) from the definition of firearms for purposes of the National Firearms Act. It also eliminates the prohibition on the transportation of such rifles in interstate commerce and treats persons who acquire or possess a short-barreled rifle as meeting the registration or licensing requirements for such rifle where such requirements are determined by reference to the National Firearms Act. The bill preempts state or local laws that impose a tax or recordkeeping requirements on short-barreled rifles. The Department of Justice must destroy records relating to the registration of  certain rifles within one year after the enactment of this bill.

Bill· HRH.R. 5270 (116th)referred

Guidance Clarity Act of 2019

United States · United States Congress · 26 November 2019

Guidance Clarity Act of 2019 This bill requires federal agencies to state on the first page of guidance documents that (1) such guidance does not have the force and effect of law, and (2) noncompliance by regulated parties with suggested behavior in such guidance does not conclusively establish a violation of applicable law. Excluded from this requirement is guidance directed to the issuing agency or other agency that is not intended to have a substantial effect on the behavior of regulated parties, as well as internal executive branch legal advice or opinions addressed to executive branch officials.