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Bill· HRH.R. 7456 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Stopping Hindrances to Invigorate Ports and Increase Trade Act or the SHIP IT Act This bill temporarily waives various requirements and makes other changes to address congestion at U.S. ports. For example, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration must waive the hours of service limits (i.e., the number of hours a driver may operate a truck or motor carrier in a set period of time) and minimum age requirements that apply to commercial driver's licenses for individuals transporting cargo directly to or from a U.S. port. Additionally, the Coast Guard may temporarily allow foreign-built, -owned, and -crewed vessels to transport cargo between U.S. ports and engage in certain ship-to-ship transfers of cargo. Current coastwise law, commonly known as the Jones Act, generally requires that vessels transporting cargo domestically be U.S.-built, -owned, and -crewed. The Department of Defense must (1) inventory its intermodal equipment (e.g., trailers and chassis used to transport shipping containers) to identify equipment available for loan to trucking companies to relieve congestion at U.S. ports, and (2) establish a process to allow trucking companies to request the loan of such equipment. The Maritime Administration and the Federal Maritime Commission must jointly convene a meeting to discuss the long-term feasibility of, and strategies for, using land or property under the jurisdiction of U.S. inland ports for the storage and transfer of cargo containers. The Government Accountability Office must submit to Congress a report describing the adoption of technology at U.S. ports as compared to foreign ports.
Bill· HRH.R. 7446 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Restoring Equity For Offenses Related to Marijuana Act or the REFORM Act This bill limits the maximum punishment for offenses related to the wrongful use or possession of marijuana under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and includes certain offenses related to controlled substances as ones handled by Special Trial Counsel.
Bill· HRH.R. 7444 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Diversity and Inclusion Transparency in the Defense Industrial Base Act This bill provides that the Department of Defense (DOD) must require each contractor who is awarded a major contract to submit a report on diversity and inclusion by the last day of each full fiscal year during the period of the contract. In relation to a major defense acquisition program, a major contract means each of the six largest prime, associate, or government-furnished equipment contracts that is in excess of $40 million and that is not a firm, fixed-price contract. DOD must annually submit to Congress a report summarizing the diversity and inclusion reports. Such reports must be made publicly available on a DOD website.
Bill· HRH.R. 7445 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Equal Justice Under Military Law Act This bill modifies various provisions under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, including to establish an independent convening authority for general and special courts-martial for certain offenses (e.g., murder or manslaughter).
Bill· HRH.R. 7448 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Spaceport Tiering for Access Resiliency Act or the STAR Act This bill requires the Department of Defense (DOD), in coordination with the Department of Transportation (DOT), to submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the resiliency of space access infrastructure to meet national security requirements. DOT shall establish a tiered system for spaceports that categorizes their operation for planning, development, and expenditure of funds. DOT shall develop a plan, to be known as the national plan for spaceports , for developing spaceports in the United States. DOT shall publish such plan every two years. To the extent possible, the DOD shall make domestic military spaceports and spaceport facilities available for civil use. DOT, in coordination with DOD and the Department of Commerce, after providing an opportunity for public comment, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of a spaceport improvement program.
Bill· HRH.R. 7480 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Bullets Not Batteries Act This bill prohibits the use of authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 with respect to electric vehicles, electric vehicle batteries, electric vehicle charging stations or infrastructure, or obtaining critical minerals for use in manufacturing of any such items.
Bill· HRH.R. 7468 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
Security of the Economy, Climate, and other U.S. interests with Recent and Existing Food alternatives Act or the SECURE Food Act This bill requires the Office of the Director of National Intelligence to report to Congress on the effects of increased production and consumption of alternative proteins (e.g., proteins produced from plants or fungi) on the long-term national security interests of the United States.
Bill· SS. 4059 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
This bill requires the Department of Defense to transfer available equipment and relevant defense articles to certain NATO member countries to replace equipment that such countries provided to Ukraine to defend against Russia's aggression and malign influence. The bill requires the transfers to NATO member countries with a gross domestic product per capita that is less than $30,000, as of April 1, 2022.
Bill· SS. 4045 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022
American Aviator Act This bill requires the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to provide grants to certain pilot schools for flight training services for veterans. The FAA must give priority to pilot schools that (1) are accredited by the Department of Education, or (2) hold a restricted airline transport pilot letter of authorization.
Report· HearingS.Hrg.117-954published
United States · United States Senate · 6 April 2022
Report· HearingS.Hrg.117-955published
United States · United States Senate · 6 April 2022
Bill· HRH.R. 7424 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
Solitary Confinement Reform Act of 2022 This bill limits the use of restrictive housing (such as solitary confinement) in certain prison facilities. These facilities are those under the jurisdiction of (1) the Bureau of Prisons, (2) the Department of Defense, or (3) a state or local government in which persons are held in custody pursuant to a contract or agreement with the federal government and the facility receives federal funds for law enforcement purposes. For example, the bill specifies that inmates shall be housed in the least restrictive setting necessary for safety purposes. It also requires that inmates remain in restrictive housing for no longer than necessary to address each specific reason for such placement.
Bill· HRH.R. 7414 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
Recruiting in Underserved Rural Areas and Localities for Veterans Act or the RURAL Veterans Act This bill addresses the recruitment of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care professionals in rural areas. Specifically, the bill requires the VA to establish the Office of Rural Recruitment to improve the recruitment of health care professionals for rural and highly rural community-based outpatient clinics and medical centers of the VA. The bill also requires the director of each Veterans Integrated Service Network that contains at least one rural or highly rural community-based outpatient clinic to annually develop and maintain a strategy to recruit health care professionals. The Office of Rural Recruitment shall conduct a study on the feasibility of a scholarship program for health care professionals to attend the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in exchange for service as full-time employees at a rural or highly rural community-based outpatient clinic or medical center of the VA for a specified period of time. The VA shall establish the Rural Health Quality and Access Fellowship program to provide fellowships to health care professionals at the graduate or post-graduate level who serve on a short-term basis as full-time employees at a rural or highly rural community-based outpatient clinic or medical center of the VA and conduct research on (1) improving the quality of rural health care, (2) access to health care in rural areas, and (3) recruitment and retention of health care professionals in rural areas.
Bill· HRH.R. 7431 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
Don Young Veterans Advancing Conservation Act This bill requires the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to establish the Veterans Advancing Conservation Grant Program to award grants, on a competitive basis, to facilitate the training and employment of veterans for marine and coastal conservation activities (e.g., coral restoration and rehabilitation). NOAA must coordinate with the Department of the Interior and the Department of Veterans Affairs to implement the program.
Bill· SS. 4022 (117th)open
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
This bill requires the Department of Homeland Security to prohibit, with certain exceptions, individuals from entering the United States through a coastal or land port of entry or a Border Patrol station near a U.S. land border. This prohibition shall not apply to a (1) U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident, (2) member of the U.S. Armed Forces or the spouse and children of a member, or (3) person from a foreign country with valid travel documents arriving at a designated port of entry. This prohibition shall be in place until February 1, 2025.
Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1038 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
This resolution strongly condemns the ongoing violence, including war crimes and systematic human rights abuses, being carried out by Russia's military and its proxies at the direction of Russian President Vladimir Putin. It also encourages the U.S. government and partner nations to use their influence and vote in international organizations to hold those responsible for such crimes and abuses accountable.
Bill· HRH.R. 7430 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
Protecting American Innovation Act This bill establishes certain limitations on modifying trade agreements, including those related to the TRIPS Agreement (i.e., the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). The TRIPS Agreement contains obligations for World Trade Organization members to protect patents and other intellectual property rights. Specifically, the bill prohibits the President (or any U.S. official, employee, or agent) from negotiating or concluding any withdrawal, suspension, or modification to a trade agreement that adversely affects the rights of the United States or U.S. persons under a trade agreement with China or Russia. Additionally, the bill states that a TRIPS waiver to address the COVID-19 pandemic shall not take effect if (1) the President does not submit required reports from the Department of Commerce and the Department of Defense (DOD), (2) the Commerce report concludes that the TRIPS waiver will not result in an increase in global vaccine access, or (3) the DOD report concludes that the TRIPS waiver would adversely impact U.S. national security. Prior to entering into a negotiation with a trading partner concerning a suspension of or modification to a trade agreement, the bill requires (1) the U.S. Trade Representative to publish certain information in the Federal Register and allow for public comment, and (2) the President to provide written notice and consult with Congress. Further, the President shall not enter into any suspension of or modification to a trade agreement unless the President has complied with such consultation requirements and receives congressional approval.
Bill· SS. 4018 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 6 April 2022
HBCU Research, Innovation, Security, and Excellence Act or the HBCU RISE Act This bill directs the Department of Defense (DOD) to establish a pilot program to increase capacity for historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) that are designated as high research activity status to achieve very high research activity status. High research activity status (known as R2 status) and very high research activity status (known as R1 status) are classifications by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. In carrying out the pilot program, DOD must award grants for key areas of scientific research to HBCUs that are classified as high research activity status institutions. DOD may expand the program to other HBCUs beyond those that are classified as high research activity status if DOD determines that the program can support such an expansion. DOD must annually establish a list of key areas of scientific research for which grant applicants may seek funding.
Report· HearingH.Hrg.117published
United States · United States House of Representatives · 5 April 2022
Report· HearingH.Hrg.117published
United States · United States House of Representatives · 5 April 2022
Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1030 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 5 April 2022
This resolution supports the designation of Gold Star Families Remembrance Week and recognizes the sacrifices made by veterans' families and the families of members of the Armed Forces who made the ultimate sacrifice in order to defend freedom and protect the United States during active hostilities.
Bill· HRH.R. 7393 (117th)reported
United States · United States Congress · 5 April 2022
Improving VA Workforce Diversity Through Minority-serving Institutions Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to develop plans for hiring and recruiting diverse candidates. Specifically, the VA must develop and carry out an employee recruitment strategy that includes partnering with minority-serving institutions. The VA must also develop and carry out a plan to ensure that (1) vacant positions may be filled from a candidate pool that includes diverse leaders and diverse candidates identified for promotion; and (2) such positions must be filled using promotion panels comprised of diverse evaluators, reviewers, or assessors. Additionally, the VA may establish a program, in coordination with minority-serving professional organizations, to foster and encourage individuals from underserved communities to serve in the Senior Executive Service of the VA.
Bill· SS. 3994 (117th)open
United States · United States Congress · 5 April 2022
Restoring Benefits to Defrauded Veterans Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to pay certain reissued benefits (i.e., benefits that were misused by a fiduciary) to a beneficiary's estate in situations where a beneficiary predeceases a payment. The VA must pay such benefits to an individual or entity in the following order: the estate of the beneficiary, a successor fiduciary serving the beneficiary when the beneficiary died, or the next inheritor determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.
Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1032 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 5 April 2022
This resolution supports a Month of the Military Child and urges the observation of the month with appropriate activities that show appreciation for military children.
Bill· SS. 4006 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 5 April 2022
Honoring Purple Heart Recipients Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Defense to include individuals who are awarded the Purple Heart for qualifying actions that occur after the date of the enactment of this bill on its publicly accessible website that lists individuals who are recipients of certain military awards. Under the bill, the individual or their next of kin must elect to have the individual included on the list and the public release of the individual's name must be determined to not pose a security risk.
Bill· HRH.R. 7375 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 4 April 2022
This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to update its payment system to allow for electronic fund transfer of VA educational assistance to a foreign institution of higher education that provides an approved course of education to eligible recipients and does not have an employer identification number or an account with a domestic bank.
Bill· HRH.R. 7386 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 4 April 2022
Service Academies District of Columbia Equality Act This bill increases from 5 to 15 the number of individuals from the District of Columbia who may be appointed to the U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval Academy, and U.S. Air Force Academy.
Bill· HRH.R. 7379 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 4 April 2022
Military Vehicle Fleet Electrification Act This bill requires that not less than 75% of the total number of contracted non-tactical vehicles purchased, leased by, or for use of the Department of Defense (DOD) must be electric or zero emission vehicles (or a federally authorized alternative) and use a charging connector type that meets applicable industry accepted standards for interoperability and safety. The bill also authorizes DOD to furnish electric vehicle charging stations at a commissary store or military exchange for commercial use by individuals authorized to access such facilities.
Report· HearingH.Hrg.117published
United States · United States House of Representatives · 1 April 2022
Bill· HRH.R. 7369 (117th)reported
United States · United States Congress · 1 April 2022
Veteran Eligibility for Necessities To Undertake Rewarding Entrepreneurship Act or the VENTURE Act This bill expands eligibility for self-employment assistance under the Veteran Readiness and Employment Program to include certain veterans who have a service-connected disability or employment handicap in addition to those with the most severe service-connected disabilities.
Bill· HRH.R. 7367 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 1 April 2022
Values in Arms Export Act of 2022 This bill restricts transferring defense articles and services to countries that violate human rights, imposes such restrictions on Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and addresses related issues. The bill establishes the Human Rights and Law of War Oversight Board. The board's duties shall include (1) reviewing countries that receive U.S. defense articles for strict adherence to human rights and the law of armed conflict principles, and (2) ensuring that such principles are appropriately considered in arms transfers. The President, the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the board, or Congress may designate a country (except for certain exempted countries such as NATO member countries) as a country of concern. Such a designation shall last for three years, during which the country shall be barred from receiving the defense articles that led to the designation. The bill also imposes additional restrictions on a designated country that fails to improve its adherence to human rights principles. The Department of the Treasury must impose sanctions on the appropriate government officials of a country subject to such additional restrictions. The bill designates Saudi Arabia and the UAE as countries of concern. Before certain defense articles transfers, the President must provide Congress an assessment of the risk of the defense articles being used to violate human rights. The bill also requires various government agencies to monitor and report information concerning human rights violations involving U.S. defense articles.
Law· HRH.R. 7335 (117th)enacted
United States · United States Congress · 31 March 2022
MST Claims Coordination Act This bill modifies the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) claims process for claims related to military sexual trauma (MST). During or immediately after a medical examination, hearing before the Board of Veterans' Appeals, or other relevant event, the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) must coordinate with the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to provide veterans who elect to receive materials with outreach letters, information on the Veterans Crisis Line, information on how to make an appointment with a mental health provider, and other information on available resources relating to MST. Additionally, the VHA and the VBA must provide such materials with the determination the VA provides to the claimant in connection with a claim for compensation. In a claim for compensation arising from MST experienced by a veteran who is enrolled in the VA health care system and consents to the notification system, the VBA must automatically notify the VHA before the veteran (1) participates in a medical examination, hearing, or other relevant event; or (2) receives a determination from the VA in connection with the claim for compensation.
Bill· HRH.R. 7316 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 31 March 2022
TBI and PTSD Treatment Act This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs to furnish hyperbaric oxygen therapy through a provider authorized by the Veterans Community Care Program to veterans who have a traumatic brain injury or post-traumatic stress disorder.
Bill· HRH.R. 7315 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 31 March 2022
Transparency and Effective Accountability Measures for Veteran Caregivers Act or the TEAM Veteran Caregivers Act The bill revises the administration of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) caregiver programs. Specifically, the bill requires the VA to formally recognize caregivers of veterans by identifying any caregiver in the health record of the veteran. Such caregivers covered by the bill include those participating in the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers and those participating in the Program of General Caregiver Support Services. The bill requires the VA to notify veterans and their caregivers regarding any clinical determinations made relating to claims, tier reduction, or termination of assistance under, or eligibility for, the specified caregiver programs. The notifications must be standardized and contain specified details regarding the decisions. The bill also requires the VA to temporarily extend benefits under the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers for at least 90 days after the receipt of notice that a veteran is no longer clinically eligible for the program. Such an extension shall not apply to the termination of caregiver benefits (1) if the VA determines the caregiver committed fraud or abused or neglected the veteran, (2) if another primary provider or individual caregiver is designated within 90 days after the termination, (3) if the terminated individual moves out or abandons their relationship with the veteran, or (4) upon request of the caregiver or veteran.
Bill· HRH.R. 7314 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 31 March 2022
Assessing Xi's Interference and Subversion Act or AXIS Act This bill requires the Department of State to periodically report to Congress on whether and how China's government, the Chinese Communist Party, or any other Chinese entity has provided support for Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The report must address specified matters, including any efforts to (1) help Russia's government or Russian entities evade sanctions or export controls, (2) provide Russia with technology to support Russia's military or intelligence capabilities, or (3) further Russia's disinformation and propaganda efforts.
Bill· HRH.R. 7330 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 31 March 2022
Keeping Israel Safe from Iranian Proxies Act This bill prohibits the Department of Defense from making federal funds available to specified entities that are backed by Iran.
Law· HRH.R. 7299 (117th)enacted
United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022
Strengthening VA Cybersecurity Act of 2022 or the SVAC Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to enter into an agreement with a federally funded research and development center to provide a cybersecurity assessment of at least 3, but no more than 10, high-impact VA information systems and the effectiveness of the VA's information security program and information security management system. The VA must submit a plan to Congress to address the findings of the assessment. The Government Accountability Office must review the assessment and the VA's response to the assessment and report its findings to Congress.
Bill· HRH.R. 7297 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022
VA Flood Preparedness Act This bill authorizes the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to make contributions to local authorities to mitigate the risk of flooding on local property adjacent to VA medical facilities.
Bill· HRH.R. 7282 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022
This bill designates any public airport in use by an air reserve station military facility as a primary airport (i.e., a commercial service airport that has more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year).
Bill· HRH.R. 7290 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022
Baltic Defense and Deterrence Act This bill requires the Department of State to establish and implement an initiative to increase security and economic ties with the Baltic countries (i.e., Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). The bill also requires the Department of Defense to establish and implement an initiative to deepen security cooperation with the Baltic countries.
Bill· SJRESS.J.Res. 44 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022
This joint resolution disapproves of the proposed sale of specified defense articles and services to Bahrain.
Bill· SS. 3964 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022
Reinforcing Enhanced Support through Promoting Equity for Caregivers Act of 2022 or the RESPECT Act of 2022 This bill implements various changes to the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers, including by expanding program eligibility to family caregivers of veterans who are in need of personal care services due to a diagnosed mental illness or history of suicidal ideation within the past three years that puts the veteran at risk of self-harm.
Report· HearingS.Hrg.117published
United States · United States Senate · 29 March 2022
Bill· HRH.R. 7277 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
Improving Oversight of the Veterans Community Care Providers Act of 2022 This bill requires the Veterans Health Administration to carry out a plan to improve the methods by which the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) identifies health care providers that are not eligible to participate in the Veterans Community Care Program. The VA must certify to Congress it has implemented the plan not later than December 31, 2022.
Bill· HRH.R. 7276 (117th)open
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
Ukraine Invasion War Crimes Deterrence and Accountability Act This bill requires the President to report to Congress on atrocities committed during Russia's invasion of Ukraine since February 24, 2022. Specifically, the report must describe in detail (1) U.S. government efforts to collect, analyze, and preserve evidence related to war crimes and other atrocities committed during the invasion; (2) media, public diplomacy, and information operations to make the Russian people, including their military and political leaders, aware of efforts to identify and prosecute those responsible for such atrocities; and (3) the process for a domestic, foreign, or international court or tribunal to obtain information from the U.S. government related to such atrocities.
Bill· HRH.R. 7275 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
VA Preventing Duplicate Payments Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to establish policies and procedures for the detection and prevention of duplicate billings and payments of non-VA health care providers under the Veterans Community Care Program Such policies and procedures should compare billings or payments made by the VA for a medical service to a billing or payment made for the same service by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) under the Medicare program or the Department of Defense (DOD) under the TRICARE program. The VA, the CMS, and DOD must (1) enter into data-matching agreements to share and match relevant data in the systems of records for the purposes of this bill, and (2) establish and implement policies that clarify which department or agency is financially responsible for payment or reimbursement for a medical service. The established policies must also provide for the recoupment of payments if duplicate payments are made for the same medical service.
Bill· SS. 3950 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
Baltic Defense and Deterrence Act This bill requires the Department of State to establish and implement an initiative to increase security and economic ties with the Baltic countries (i.e., Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). The bill also requires the Department of Defense to establish and implement an initiative to deepen security cooperation with the Baltic countries.
Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1009 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
This resolution expresses the sense of the House of Representatives that prior to introducing U.S. Armed Forces into hostilities, the House should also determine whether such introduction is for the purpose of a just cause, such as stopping a genocide or ethnic cleansing; whether the proposed action will be in response, and will be proportional, to the underlying just cause, and will be undertaken with the intent to reestablish peace; whether the presumed benefits of the proposed action outweigh the harm done; whether there is a reasonable probability that the proposed action will succeed; and whether all alternatives to military action have been exhausted.
Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1011 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
This resolution states that the 51 current and former intelligence officials who signed an October 19, 2020, public statement pertaining to Hunter Biden's laptop should be barred from holding security clearances indefinitely.
Bill· HRH.R. 7264 (117th)referred
United States · United States Congress · 29 March 2022
Countering Russian Influence in our Politics Act of 2022 This bill requires tax-exempt organizations that receive any thing of value from a Russian foreign principal (e.g., Russia's government or a Russian national) to register as an agent of a foreign principal, with certain exceptions. Such an organization must periodically report to the Department of Justice certain information relating to its relationships to the relevant Russian foreign principals. The bill also imposes additional reporting requirements on a tax-exempt organization that has (1) received any thing of value from a Russian foreign principal since February 1, 2014; and (2) engaged in political activities to discourage the U.S. production of oil, petroleum products, natural gas, or critical minerals.
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