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Official portrait of Rep. Peters, Scott H. [D-CA-50]

Rep. Peters, Scott H. [D-CA-50]

United States · Official source

Records

3,732 records where Rep. Peters, Scott H. [D-CA-50] is listed as a sponsor, author, or other actor. Search with topics and years

Bill· HRH.R. 7945 (117th)referred

MARCH for Military Servicemembers Act

United States · United States Congress · 3 June 2022

Military Access to Reproductive Care and Health for Military Servicemembers Act or the MARCH for Military Servicemembers Act This bill repeals the restriction on utilizing Department of Defense funds and facilities for performing abortions. The restriction only allows such funds and facilities to be used for abortions in cases of rape, incest, or where the mother's life is endangered.

Bill· HRH.R. 7910 (117th)open

Protecting Our Kids Act

United States · United States Congress · 31 May 2022

Protecting Our Kids Act This bill makes various changes to federal firearms laws, including to establish new criminal offenses and to expand the types of weapons and devices that are subject to regulation. Among the changes, the bill generally prohibits the sale or transfer of certain semiautomatic firearms to individuals who are under 21 years of age; establishes new federal criminal offenses for gun trafficking and related conduct; establishes a federal statutory framework to regulate ghost guns (i.e., guns without serial numbers); establishes a framework to regulate the storage of firearms on residential premises at the federal, state, and tribal levels; subjects bump stocks to regulation under federal firearms laws; and generally prohibits the import, sale, manufacture, transfer, and possession of large capacity ammunition feeding devices.

Bill· HRH.R. 7913 (117th)referred

Complete America’s Great Trails Act

United States · United States Congress · 31 May 2022

Complete America's Great Trails Act This bill allows a tax credit for the fair market value of any National Scenic Trail conservation contribution. The Department of the Interior must study and report on the efficacy of the tax credit in completing, extending, and increasing the number of National Scenic Trails and the feasibility and cost of making the credit refundable and transferable.

Bill· HRH.R. 7894 (117th)referred

Affordability is Access Act

United States · United States Congress · 27 May 2022

Affordability is Access Act This bill establishes several requirements relating to health insurance coverage of, and access to, over-the-counter contraceptives. Specifically, the bill requires the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Labor, and the Department of the Treasury to specify that private health insurance plans must cover over-the-counter contraceptives that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), even without a prescription. Under current law, private health insurance plans (with some exceptions) must cover FDA-approved prescription contraceptives, without cost-sharing requirements. The bill also prohibits retailers from interfering with an individual's access to oral contraceptives that are meant for routine, daily use and are FDA-approved for use without a prescription.

Bill· HRH.R. 7847 (117th)referred

Water Efficiency, Conservation, and Sustainability Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 19 May 2022

Water Efficiency, Conservation, and Sustainability Act of 2022 This bill establishes multiple grants that support activities to incentivize efficient water use by customers of public water systems, reduce water losses and leaks in water systems, and promote the adoption of water-efficient plumbing codes.

Bill· HRH.R. 7773 (117th)referred

Alzheimer’s Accountability and Investment Act

United States · United States Congress · 13 May 2022

Alzheimer's Accountability and Investment Act This bill requires the National Institutes of Health to annually submit, beginning in FY2024, an estimate of its budget and personnel needs for carrying out initiatives pursuant to the National Alzheimer's Project. This project supports coordination of federal planning, research, and other efforts to address Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

Bill· HRH.R. 7775 (117th)referred

NAPA Reauthorization Act

United States · United States Congress · 13 May 2022

NAPA Reauthorization Act This bill extends through 2035 and makes other changes to the National Alzheimer's Project. This project supports coordination of federal planning, programs, and other efforts to address Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. In particular, the bill incorporates a focus on promoting healthy aging and reducing risk factors associated with cognitive decline. The bill also expands the membership of the Advisory Council on Alzheimer's Research, Care, and Services to include (1) a researcher with experience recruiting and retaining diverse clinical trial participants, (2) an individual diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and (3) representatives from additional federal agencies (e.g., the Department of Justice and the Office of Management and Budget).

Resolution· HCONRESH.Con.Res. 89 (117th)referred

Expressing opposition to the criminalization of essential health care, including the full range of sexual and reproductive health care such as abortion, gender-affirming care, and contraceptive care, and disapproving of the criminalization of pregnancy outcomes.

United States · United States Congress · 12 May 2022

This concurrent resolution expresses opposition to the application of criminal laws to pregnancy outcomes and affirms that people deserve access to high-quality health care without fear of reprisal or punishment.

Bill· HRH.R. 7750 (117th)referred

PC–CARE Act

United States · United States Congress · 12 May 2022

Prostate Cancer Community Assistance, Research and Education Act of 2022 or the PC-CARE Act This bill establishes a committee to develop, implement, and periodically revise a plan to coordinate federal activities and programs concerning prostate cancer, including those related to research, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Committee members must include representatives from specified federal agencies, as well as researchers, clinicians, individuals living with prostate cancer (or their caregivers), and other stakeholders. In addition, at least half of the members must be physicians.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1107 (117th)referred

Designating the week of May 1, 2022, through May 7, 2022, as "Tardive Dyskinesia Awareness Week".

United States · United States Congress · 11 May 2022

This resolution supports the designation of Tardive Dyskinesia Awareness Week. Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary and uncontrolled movements of muscles in the face, torso, and extremities. It is caused by prolonged use of certain medications, including ones used to treat schizophrenia.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1096 (117th)passed

Approving certain regulations to implement provisions of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 relating to labor-management relations with respect to employees of the House of Representatives covered under section 220(e) of the Act, and for other purposes.

United States · United States Congress · 10 May 2022

This resolution extends collective bargaining rights prescribed in the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 to employees of the House of Representatives.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 1095 (117th)referred

Responding to widening threats to freedom of the press and expression around the world, reaffirming the centrality of a free and independent press to the health of democracy, and reaffirming freedom of the press as a priority of the United States in promoting democracy, human rights, and good governance on World Press Freedom Day.

United States · United States Congress · 6 May 2022

This resolution condemns threats to freedom of the press around the world. It also remembers the bravery of journalists and media workers around the world and those who have died carrying out their work. It calls on the President and the Department of State to build upon U.S. leadership on press freedom issues.

Bill· HRH.R. 7559 (117th)referred

Prescription Information Modernization Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 21 April 2022

Prescription Information Modernization Act of 2022 This bill allows health care providers to receive prescribing information for drugs electronically rather than in paper form from manufacturers.

Bill· HRH.R. 7555 (117th)referred

Armenian Genocide Education Act

United States · United States Congress · 21 April 2022

Armenian Genocide Education Act This bill requires the Library of Congress to maintain a public website and otherwise support educational initiatives to promote understanding about the Armenian Genocide.

Bill· HRH.R. 7560 (117th)referred

Sexual Harassment Independent Investigations and Prosecution Act

United States · United States Congress · 21 April 2022

Sexual Harassment Independent Investigations and Prosecution Act This bill provides for the inclusion of sexual harassment as an offense subject to the authority of special trial counsel under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and sets forth requirements related to independent investigations of sexual harassment under the UCMJ.

Bill· HRH.R. 7534 (117th)referred

Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 18 April 2022

Excess Urban Heat Mitigation Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to establish a grant program for state, tribal and local governments; metropolitan planning organizations; and certain nonprofits (or consortia of nonprofits) to carry out activities to mitigate heat in urban areas. HUD must coordinate with the Environmental Protection Agency on the program.

Bill· HRH.R. 7506 (117th)referred

New Era of Preventing End-Stage Kidney Disease Act

United States · United States Congress · 14 April 2022

New Era of Preventing End-Stage Kidney Disease Act This bill addresses rare kidney diseases through research, training for health professionals, and other means. It also modifies requirements for Medicare drug plan formularies that include drugs for rare diseases or conditions. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) must convene a conference focused on diagnosis and treatment of rare kidney diseases; study risk factors, access to care (including to genetic and genomic testing), and other matters related to rare kidney diseases; and establish grants for supporting kidney disease education and referrals in communities of color. HHS may award grants to educate and train health professionals about kidney disease and nephrology. Additionally, health professional schools that receive certain HHS funding for educating underrepresented minority individuals must support postgraduate nephrology training. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) must report on diversity in its kidney disease research. The NIH may also (1) support research on rare kidney diseases that, among other requirements, includes persons of color in study populations; and (2) establish regional centers of excellence for rare kidney diseases. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services must evaluate methods for (1) treating rare kidney diseases, with a focus on delaying dialysis and transplant; and (2) raising awareness about rare kidney diseases, including in communities of color. Furthermore, if a Medicare drug plan formulary includes a drug to treat a rare disease or condition, at least two members of the committee that develops or reviews the formulary must have expertise in the field of medicine related to that drug.

Bill· HRH.R. 7434 (117th)referred

Federal Carbon Dioxide Removal Leadership Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 7 April 2022

Federal Carbon Dioxide Removal Leadership Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Energy to remove and permanently store, as is economically feasible, specified amounts of carbon dioxide on a specified schedule, culminating in 10 million net metric tons of carbon dioxide removal for FY2035 and each fiscal year thereafter.

Bill· HRH.R. 7374 (117th)referred

Jumpstart Act

United States · United States Congress · 4 April 2022

Jumpstart Our Legal Immigration System Act or the Jumpstart Act This bill makes unused employment-based and family-based immigrant visas from FY1992 through FY2021 available in subsequent fiscal years. It also makes diversity immigrant visas available to individuals who were selected for such a visa between FY2017-FY2021 but were unable to receive the visa due to certain (1) executive actions, or (2) limitations related to COVID-19. The bill also establishes supplemental fees for certain immigration-related applications.

Bill· HRH.R. 7288 (117th)referred

Affordable Loans for Any Student Act

United States · United States Congress · 30 March 2022

Affordable Loans for Any Student Act This bill addresses repayment options, loan disclosures, and loan counseling for student loans. The bill revises requirements concerning repayment options for student loan borrowers. For instance, the bill terminates interest capitalization and origination fees for Federal Direct Loans, provides assistance to low-income borrowers or borrowers who are delinquent on loan payments, and replaces the existing income-based repayment plans with two new plans. Under the new plans, borrowers may choose (1) a fixed repayment plan with equal monthly payments paid over a period of 10 years, or (2) an income-based repayment plan with monthly payments equal to 10% percent of their income above the poverty level. The income-based plan is capped at 20 years of payments. The bill also revises requirements concerning student loan disclosures and student loan counseling for borrowers. For instance, the bill requires the Department of Education to maintain online counseling tools that provide borrowers with entrance and exit student loan counseling.

Bill· HRH.R. 7253 (117th)referred

Clarifying Remanufacturing to Protect Patient Safety Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 28 March 2022

Clarifying Remanufacturing to Protect Patient Safety Act of 2022 This bill specifies that entities that remanufacture medical devices in a manner that could change the performance or safety specifications or the intended use of the device must register with the Food and Drug Administration as producers of medical devices and comply with related requirements.

Bill· HRH.R. 7213 (117th)referred

Equitable Community Access to Pharmacist Services Act

United States · United States Congress · 24 March 2022

Equitable Community Access to Pharmacist Services Act This bill expands Medicare coverage to permanently include services provided by a pharmacist, including incidental services and supplies, related to testing, drug regimens, and vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and certain other illnesses. Specifically, the bill provides for continued coverage of pharmacist services relating to testing and vaccines for COVID-19 and influenza, as well as coverage of testing for respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcal pharyngitis (i.e., strep throat) and the initiation of drug regimens that are used to treat COVID-19, influenza, or strep throat. It also generally provides for coverage of pharmacist services during a public health emergency or to address health equity. A pharmacist, or the facility with which the pharmacist is contracted or employed, may present a claim for reimbursement of 85% (or 100% during a declared emergency) of the applicable amount. A pharmacist may not bill an individual for such a service other than for the applicable deductible or coinsurance amounts.

Bill· HRH.R. 7180 (117th)referred

Brycen Gray and Ben Price COVID–19 Cognitive Research Act

United States · United States Congress · 21 March 2022

Brycen Gray and Ben Price COVID-19 Cognitive Research Act This bill directs the National Science Foundation (NSF) to award competitive, merit-reviewed grants to eligible entities, including through the RAPID funding mechanism, to support interdisciplinary research on the disruption of regular cognitive processes associated with both short-term and long-term COVID-19 infections, including with respect to children and adolescents. No later than 45 days after the enactment of this bill, the NSF shall enter into an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to study and produce a report on the disruption of cognitive processes associated with COVID-19 infection.

Bill· HRH.R. 7152 (117th)referred

Tracking Pathogens Act

United States · United States Congress · 18 March 2022

Tracking Pathogens Act This bill requires the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to take specified actions related to the genomic sequencing of pathogens. Specifically, the CDC must issue guidance on sharing specimens and other activities to support collaboration in the genomic sequencing of pathogens. The CDC must also strengthen and expand activities related to the use of genomic sequencing of pathogens in public health surveillance, including by providing technical assistance to health departments. The CDC may award grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements to academic and other laboratories related to these activities. In addition, the CDC must establish through public health agencies (or partnerships of such agencies) centers of excellence to promote innovation in pathogen genomics and molecular epidemiology.

Bill· HRH.R. 7118 (117th)referred

Social Security Payment Integrity and Information Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 17 March 2022

Social Security Payment Integrity and Information Act of 2022 This bill expands, for purposes of limiting improper federal payments, the Department of the Treasury's access to certain death records maintained by the Social Security Administration.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 987 (117th)referred

Expressing gratitude on behalf of the people of the United States to the journalists and news staff who are risking injury and death, are subject to grave threat, and have sacrificed their lives, to chronicle and report on the ongoing war in Ukraine resulting from Putin's invasion.

United States · United States Congress · 16 March 2022

This resolution expresses that the House of Representatives declares its gratitude on behalf of the people of the United States to the journalists and news staff who continue to put themselves in harm's way to report on the humanitarian crisis and ongoing war on the ground in Ukraine following Russian President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine; and honors the contributions of journalists and news staff reporting from the war in Ukraine as essential in the ongoing struggle for the rights of a free press and free speech internationally, pivotal in pushing back against false propaganda by tyrants, and crucial to informing Americans and the world of the horrors being wrought against the Ukrainian people.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 988 (117th)referred

Calling for justice and accountability for the perpetrators of the bombing of the Embassy of Israel in Buenos Aires on March 17, 1992.

United States · United States Congress · 16 March 2022

This resolution urges the government of Argentina to bring the perpetrators of the March 17, 1992, terrorist attack on the Embassy of Israel in Buenos Aires to justice (in 1999 the Supreme Court of Argentina found that the transnational terrorist organization Hezbollah was responsible for the attack). The resolution commends the Argentinian government for designating Hezbollah as a terrorist organization and urges other U.S. allies and partners in Latin America and the Caribbean to do the same. The resolution urges these allies and partners to condemn and counter regional governments in the hemisphere that aid and abet Iran and Hezbollah. The resolution also commends the Argentinian government for adopting the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance working definition of antisemitism and encourages other partners and allies to do the same. Finally, the resolution commends the Secretary General of the Organization of American States for appointing a Commissioner to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism in the Western Hemisphere.

Bill· HRH.R. 7075 (117th)open

Ukrainian Independence Park Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 15 March 2022

Ukrainian Independence Park Act of 2022 This bill designates specified properties in the District of Columbia within the approximate triangular area formed by 22nd Street Northwest to the east, P Street Northwest to the south, and Florida Avenue Northwest to the west as Ukrainian Independence Park .

Bill· HRH.R. 7065 (117th)referred

Hydrogen for Ports Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 11 March 2022

Hydrogen for Ports Act of 2022 This bill supports infrastructure for hydrogen-derived fuels, including ammonia, at ports and in the shipping industry. For example, the bill directs the Department of Energy to establish a program that awards grants to states, local governments, Indian tribes, and other eligible entities for infrastructure that supports hydrogen-derived fuels, including ammonia, at ports and in the shipping industry.

Bill· HRH.R. 7064 (117th)referred

Hydrogen for Trucks Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 11 March 2022

Hydrogen for Trucks Act of 2022 This bill requires the Department of Transportation to provide grants for the funding of capital projects to purchase heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles and related equipment.

Bill· HRH.R. 7051 (117th)referred

Access to Prescription Digital Therapeutics Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 9 March 2022

Access to Prescription Digital Therapeutics Act of 2022 This bill provides for Medicare and Medicaid coverage of prescription digital therapeutics (i.e., software applications that are used to prevent, manage, or treat medical conditions). The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services must establish a Medicare payment methodology for payments to manufacturers that takes into account certain factors (e.g., ongoing use); manufacturers must report specified information about private payors, subject to civil penalties.

Bill· HRH.R. 7053 (117th)referred

Hospital Inpatient Services Modernization Act

United States · United States Congress · 9 March 2022

Hospital Inpatient Services Modernization Act This bill extends the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program under Medicare until two years after the end of the COVID-19 public health emergency (the program allows hospitals to treat certain patients from emergency departments or inpatient hospital beds at home during the emergency period). It also requires an evaluation of this program and the Hospital Without Walls program (the program allowed hospitals to transfer patients to outside facilities, such as hotels, to continue treatment during the emergency period).

Bill· HRH.R. 6989 (117th)referred

Housing for All Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 8 March 2022

Housing for All Act of 2022 This bill modifies existing, and creates new, grants and programs concerning affordable housing and homelessness. In particular, the bill authorizes federal funding of the Housing Trust Fund, which supports affordable housing activities. Currently, contributions to the fund come from the earnings of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Additionally, the bill (1) expands eligibility for housing choice vouchers, which provide rental assistance to low-income individuals; and (2) entitles certain individuals to the vouchers. Other matters addressed in the bill include permanently authorizing the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (which terminates on October 1, 2028) and modifying existing programs that support housing for the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and individuals experiencing homelessness or at risk of homelessness. The bill also creates various housing-related grant programs to, for example, support overnight parking for individuals who live in vehicles and no-cost legal assistance with evictions for low-income individuals. The bill also incorporates housing into certain transportation grants and programs.

Bill· HRH.R. 6951 (117th)referred

Ban Russian Energy Imports Act

United States · United States Congress · 7 March 2022

Ban Russian Energy Imports Act This bill declares that a national emergency exists with respect to the aggression of Russia against Ukraine. During this emergency, the President must prohibit the importation of crude oil, petroleum, petroleum products, liquefied natural gas, and coal in which Russia or a Russian national has any interest. The bill exempts products that are already loaded or in transit at the time of this bill's enactment.

Bill· HRH.R. 6889 (117th)referred

Credit Union Board Modernization Act

United States · United States Congress · 1 March 2022

Credit Union Board Modernization Act This bill revises the frequency of meetings required to be held by a credit union's board of directors. Specifically, the bill requires monthly meetings for new credit unions during their first five years and for credit unions with a low soundness rating. All other credit unions must hold at least six meetings annually, with at least one meeting held during each fiscal quarter. Currently, all credit union boards must meet at least once a month.

Bill· HRH.R. 6860 (117th)referred

Latonya Reeves Freedom Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 28 February 2022

Latonya Reeves Freedom Act of 2022 This bill prohibits government entities and insurance providers from denying community-based services to individuals with disabilities that require long-term service or support that would enable such individuals to live in the community and lead an independent life. Specifically, these entities may not discriminate against such individuals in the provision of community-based services by such actions as imposing prohibited eligibility criteria, cost caps, or waiting lists or failing to provide a specific community-based service. Additionally, community-based services must be offered to individuals with such disabilities prior to institutionalization. Institutionalized individuals must be notified regularly of community-based alternatives. The bill requires the Department of Justice to issue regulations requiring government entities and insurance providers to offer community-based long-term services to individuals with such disabilities who would otherwise qualify for institutional placement. Government entities must ensure sufficient availability of affordable, accessible, and integrated housing that is not a disability-specific residential setting or a setting where services are tied to tenancy. Regulations shall also (1) require government entities and insurance providers to perform self-evaluation on current services, policies, and practices and concerning compliance with requirements of this bill; and (2) require government entities to submit a transition plan. The bill provides funds for FY2022 for the Department of Health and Human Services to provide technical assistance with respect to transition plans. The bill allows civil actions by individuals subjected to, or about to be subjected to, a violation of its requirements.

Bill· HRH.R. 6852 (117th)referred

Porch Pirates Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 25 February 2022

Porch Pirates Act of 2022 This bill extends federal criminal penalties for obstruction of correspondence and theft of stolen mail matter (which apply to U.S. Postal Service mail) to matter (e.g., packages) sent or delivered by private or commercial interstate carriers.

Law· HRH.R. 6833 (117th)enacted

Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023

United States · United States Congress · 25 February 2022

Affordable Insulin Now Act This bill limits cost-sharing for insulin under private health insurance and the Medicare prescription drug benefit. Specifically, the bill caps cost-sharing under private health insurance for a month's supply of selected insulin products at $35 or 25% of a plan's negotiated price (after any price concessions), whichever is less, beginning in 2023. The bill caps cost-sharing under the Medicare prescription drug benefit for insulin products at (1) $35 in 2023 regardless of whether a beneficiary has reached the annual out-of-pocket spending threshold, and (2) $35 beginning in 2024 for those who have not yet reached this threshold. Currently, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services is testing a voluntary model under the Medicare prescription drug benefit (the Part D Senior Savings Model) in which the copayment for a month's supply of insulin is capped at $35 through participating plans. The model is set to expire on December 31, 2025.

Bill· HRH.R. 6848 (117th)referred

Medicare Demonstration of Coverage for Low Vision Devices Act of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 25 February 2022

Medicare Demonstration of Coverage for Low Vision Devices Act of 2022 This bill requires the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to carry out a demonstration project to evaluate the fiscal impact of covering low-vision devices under Medicare in the same manner as Medicare coverage is provided for durable medical equipment. The bill defines low-vision device to mean a physician-prescribed device that magnifies, enhances, or otherwise augments or interprets visual images; the term does not include ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses. The bill appropriates $2.5 million for FY2022 and each of the next four fiscal years for the CMS to carry out the project.

Resolution· HRESH.Res. 942 (117th)referred

Original Black History Month Resolution of 2022

United States · United States Congress · 25 February 2022

Original Black History Month Resolution of 2022 This resolution recognizes the importance of commemorating Black History Month to acknowledge the achievements of Black Americans throughout history.

Bill· HRH.R. 6777 (117th)referred

SUPPORT Act

United States · United States Congress · 18 February 2022

Supplying Ukraine with Provisions to Protect against Ongoing Russian Threats Act or the SUPPORT Act This bill states that it is U.S. policy to take necessary and appropriate steps to support Ukraine's efforts to reassert control of its territory and defend its sovereignty in the event of a Russian invasion of Ukraine, including by providing lethal and nonlethal assistance and sharing intelligence. The bill also requires the Department of Defense to report to Congress a plan for providing such support to a Ukrainian insurgency. The National Intelligence Council must produce an intelligence community assessment relating to Russia's gray zone activities and assets. (Under this bill, a gray zone activity is an activity to advance a foreign state's interests that (1) falls between ordinary statecraft and open warfare, (2) is designed to maximize the advancement of such interests without provoking a U.S. kinetic military response, and (3) falls on a spectrum ranging from covert adversary operations to open adversary operations.