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Jean-Claude Leclabart

France

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14 records where Jean-Claude Leclabart is listed as a sponsor, author, or other actor. Search with topics and years

Question· Question écrite37174answered

Question 37174 — breeding

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister of Agriculture and Food to the following elements. Two cooperatives work on red pie breeding, one in France (the Evolution cooperative known as OS (selection organization) by the administration and located near Rennes) and the other is a Dutch cooperative CRV working on the pure red MRY pie and on the red and white, which is a cross of the MRY with red Holstein blood. Today there are exchanges between them at the level of genomic data and some bulls, corresponding to the breed selection scheme dictated by the breed leaders. Some breeders (notably Dutch breeders based in Normandy) would like to access Dutch genetics to improve criteria on their VLs. They placed an order with Gen France, a subsidiary of Evolution, which asks them for the sum of 1,000 euros for each bull outside the OS's choices. According to them, it would be the breeding institute which would request this sum for registration in the herd book. Before 2008 it was the UPRA which was responsible for this registration mission, today after the suppression of the UPRA, which became breeders' associations, they have lost all power because the administration now only subsidizes the OS and nor the breeders' associations. To function, these associations are therefore dependent on the OS which impose their choices on breeders. He wants to know his opinion on the subject.

Question· Question écrite34833open

Question 34833 — agriculture

France · National Assembly

M. Jean-Claude Leclabart attire l'attention de M. le ministre de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation sur la distorsion de concurrence dans le mode de production de la pomme de terre. Le NEPG (Groupe des producteurs de pommes de terre du Nord-Ouest européen / North-western European Potato Growers (UE-04 + GB)) estime que la récolte de pommes de terre sera de 27,9 millions de tonnes cette saison, sous réserve que toutes les pommes de terre encore au champ soient effectivement récoltées. La récolte 2020 est en hausse de 4,5 %, soit un million de tonnes de plus que l'an passé dans les cinq principaux pays producteurs de pommes de terre. Le NEPG considère que les producteurs du nord-ouest de l'Europe devraient planter au moins 15 % de pommes de terre en moins au printemps 2021. En raison de la covid-19, la demande mondiale de produits transformés à base de pommes de terre a diminué et la demande réelle de matière première des usines est d'environ 85 % par rapport à la saison précédente avant la pandémie. Le faible niveau actuel des prix aux producteurs pour la transformation des pommes de terre sur le marché libre confirme cet état de fait. En France, dans un contexte incertain lié aux conséquences de la crise sanitaire, la campagne actuelle est inhabituelle, rappelle l'Union nationale des producteurs de pommes de terre (UNPT) : l'activité industrielle aura besoin de quelques mois avant de retrouver son niveau d'avant crise, entraînant une diminution des surfaces en contrat pour 2021-2022, la filière fécule manque toujours de surfaces pour 2021, et l'évolution de la consommation des ménages reste difficile à prévoir. Face à cette situation, il semble important à M. le député, pour aider les producteurs dans leurs démarches volontaires de réduction de surface voir de transfert consommation vers la fécule pour le printemps 2021, de réglementer urgemment et de manière drastique un état de fait qui a commencé il y a quelques années et qui se traduit sur le territoire français, d'abord par des locations de terre soit directement par les industriels belges soit indirectement via des producteurs belges qui leur permet d'obtenir des surfaces dites vierges de production de pommes de terre tout en s'affranchissant pour certains de la contrainte spécifique française de la réglementation de l'usage des pesticides. Un sujet encore plus inquiétant est le principe factuel de sous-location des terres opérées sur le territoire français par les producteurs belges (industriels et producteurs) qui se traduit par un phénomène de refacturation des opérations auprès des agriculteurs français échappant ainsi à la réglementation des statuts du fermage inscrit dans le code rural français qui pourrait être qualifié de violation de ce dit statut. Il est très important de regarder ce dossier de très près, car il génère de manière évidente une distorsion de concurrence dans le mode de production et crée une stigmatisation entre les propriétaires et les agriculteurs sous louant les terres en locations. Ainsi il sera plus facile pour L'UNPT et ses producteurs de donner un fondement à la baisse de surface qui est suggérée pour aller vers un rééquilibrage de l'offre par rapport à une demande en déclin dans les circonstances actuelles de la crise sanitaire actuelle. Il lui demande sa position sur ce sujet.

Question· Question écrite33465open

Question 33465 — rail transport

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister Delegate to the Minister for Ecological Transition, responsible for transport, to the consequences of the cancellations and regular delays of passenger trains, whether departing from Amiens or Ailly-sur-Noye, on the Amiens-Paris railway line. These situations, which have been recurring daily since the beginning of the year (see letter sent by the Mayor of Ailly-sur-Noye), are very worrying and harmful for users. High school students and students are one example among many others: late arrivals for classes are recorded in their files and do not fail to have an impact on their orientation at the end of the school year. The lack of information relating to these dysfunctions only aggravates this observation of deficiency. The deputy fully associates himself with the dismay and anger of the train users using the Ailly-sur-Noye station. As a reminder, the cancellations and delays observed for more than a month follow the pure and simple cancellation of the 7:17 p.m. train departing from Amiens. The IUT students finishing their courses at 6 p.m. as well as the employees living in this rural area found themselves distraught and confronted with a new life organization that they had not envisaged by settling in a town center or a nearby village. The Minister is aware that the ecological transition is a priority and a major issue for the decades to come for a very large majority of French people. The use of public transport is a solution in itself which should make it possible to collectively meet this challenge. He would be grateful if he would inform him of the measures he intends to take to remedy the various requests. repeated in his question; According to the MP, a rapid reaction would allow sending a strong signal of appeasement to angry users.

Question· Question écrite32940open

Question 32940 — territorial civil service

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister Delegate to the Minister of the Economy, Finance and Recovery, responsible for public accounts, to the new index increase. The DGS of intermunicipalities with additional taxation cannot collect the NBI. Only DGSs whose community of municipalities (CC) has a single professional tax system (FPU) receive it. A decree dated June 10, 2020 granted an increase of NBI to many state officials. Why are the DGS of EPCIs with additional taxation not eligible for the NBI? They carry out their missions in a professional manner like the others, with sometimes larger budgets and this discrimination no longer has any interest today. The deputy understands that it may have had it at the time of the creation of intercommunalities but today this distinction no longer has of reason for being. He asks her for her position on this subject.

Question· Question écrite30472open

Question 30472 — telecommunications

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister to the Minister of Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities, responsible for cities and housing, to mobile coverage. In January 2018, when the “New mobile deal” was signed, 2,063 French sites were classified in the white zone, including 23 in the Somme. As the Minister indicated in a note dated January 28, 2020, this “New mobile deal” marks a unprecedented change of ambition in terms of mobile coverage. To cover these white areas, the MP's department benefited from 7 allocations: 3 sites in 2018, 4 sites in 2019. It will benefit from 6 sites in 2020, or even 7 using one of the 4 regional bonuses under discussion in February 2020. Under these conditions, there will remain between 9 and 10 sites to be implemented which, given the allocations of recent years, would lead to until 2022. Knowing that it takes 18 to 24 months for the operator to install a pylon from the publication of the ministerial decree, the last of the 34 municipalities affected by the 23 identified sites will have to wait until 2024 for its white zone to be absorbed. However, it is appropriate to add to these white areas all the gray areas that the planned allocation will only be able to cover very partially. Furthermore, the actual analysis of the network carried out by the department's services between March and August 2019 made it possible to detect 39 other areas to be treated, including 6 completely devoid of any telephone coverage. If we take an average of two sites per white zone to be treated, like the 12 zones requiring the installation of 23 antennas studied so far, this would mean that 78 new antennas would have to be installed in the Somme to cover the white zones. With a quota of 6 to 7 antennas per year, it would take between 11 and 12 years to really eliminate the white areas. This means that the last municipality will be completely covered by mobile telephony between 2035 and 2036. The Femtocell box is only a limited solution to improve coverage for the user in their home only for their operator's network. For rural areas, outdoor coverage is everything as important as it is, it mainly concerns health professionals, artisans, farmers, who cannot access the resources they need. Telephony over wifi requires having a recent telephone and an accessible wifi network, something rare outdoors in villages. Mini transmitter solutions have been tested on street furniture (Orange in Annecy), improving coverage of rural areas should involve the installation of similar equipment which would allow, from a mini station, to cover an area of ​​approximately 500 meters in radius. He asks him what alternative technologies can be put in place to ensure quality mobile coverage for all French people, and thanks him.

Question· Question écrite30410answered

Question 30410 — industry

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Secretary of State to the Minister of the Economy and Finance to the question of the future of mask companies. As of March 15, 2020, the MP swapped his MP costume for that of a quilter-fashion designer. In times of war, it seemed essential to him to be at the front on the ground. In his constituency, the Malterre establishments, the only producer of fabric surviving from the industry local textile, are committed to producing masks whose filtration and permeability performances they have validated by the DGA. The MP still sees his leaders telling him: “We have machines, fabric and know-how, it seems natural to us to benefit our country and to primarily help the medico-social sector of the region”. Dozens of volunteers got involved: people ordinary people who have achieved extraordinary things. More than 150,000 masks were donated and delivered free of charge between March 15, 2020 and April 15, 2020 to the medical-social sector. Today, this company is capable of knitting and making 300,000 general public masks per month, washable 20 times, at competitive prices. In these emergency conditions, French companies and more particularly the smallest were able to adapt quickly by reorienting their production system. Some have even decided to invest over the long term by recruiting staff and purchasing machines. The Government has committed to soon signing contracts with four large French companies. What will happen to the smallest of them in rural areas? They need visibility more than ever, they question the sustainability of this activity. They believe that long-term production will depend on public orders. While just a few weeks ago, France lacked masks, now it is producing too many. Orders are collapsing, when they are not canceled in the face of competition from low-cost imported products (Asia and North Africa). The crisis caused by covid-19 must be an opportunity for structure and sustain this sector. He asks her by what means the Government really wishes to promote a virtuous and sustainable French sector, and thanks her.

Question· Question écrite30367answered

Question 30367 — energy and fuels

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Secretary of State to the Minister of Ecological and Inclusive Transition to the implementation of the conversion bonus. As part of its commitment to the ecological transition, in 2019 the State expanded its boiler conversion aid system for any replacement of an inefficient oil or gas boiler. The French saw in this device a real technical and financial opportunity which they were able to seize to install, among other things, heat pumps. This enthusiasm should not be “cooled” and tarnished by the difficulties encountered in benefiting from the aid which was promised by the operators, approved by the ministry. Since January 1, 2020, no less than 6 files have arrived on the desk of the MP, all concerning complaints related to the payment of bonuses for the installation of heat pumps. The feeling expressed by these citizens is identical: everything is done by the operator, and therefore implicitly by the State, to save time and thus not immediately pay the promised aid. Some have been waiting for their aid to be paid for more than 8 months. The complaints are all of the same order: the operator multiplies requests for completeness of the file relating to the payment of aid. No one understands why, in the case of missing parts, they are not requested all at once. It is to be hoped that the image and attractiveness of this system will not be called into question by an “excess of zeal” of operators who do not hesitate to sacrifice their ministry on the altar of bad faith by explaining that they are only applying instructions which have given them been transmitted. He wants to know if she plans to intervene with them to remind them of reason and thus ensure that the promises made are kept within a reasonable time, and thanks her.

Question· Question écrite26054open

Question 26054 — agriculture

France · National Assembly

M. Jean-Claude Leclabart attire l'attention de M. le ministre de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation sur l'application du décret du 29 décembre 2019 relatif aux mesures de protection des personnes lors de l'utilisation de produits phytopharmaceutiques à proximité des zones d'habitation. Dans le décret du 27 décembre 2019 publié le 29 décembre 2019 relatif aux mesures de protection des personnes lors de l'utilisation de produits phytopharmaceutiques à proximité des zones d'habitation, M. le ministre mentionne une liste de mesures qui demandent des précisions pour l'application sur le terrain . En effet, les services de l'administration comme les agriculteurs et les OPA sont dans l'incapacité d'interpréter de manière constructive et objective le décret, celui-ci comportant de nombreuses imprécisions et notamment sur la zone incompressible des 20 mètres, la liste des produits utilisables par les phrases de risques de ces produits phytopharmaceutiques et les deux pictogrammes de classification et étiquetage selon le règlement CLP représentant leurs dangerosités. Le fait que ces produits contiennent une substance active considérée comme ayant des effets perturbateurs endocriniens néfastes pour l'homme, conduit chacune des organisations agricoles à consulter le site https://ephy.anses.fr/ qui ne répond pas avec certitude à l'interrogation de la profession. Dernier point et non des moindres, il lui demande ce qu'il en est des chartes de bon voisinage signées dans certains départements entre les organisations professionnelles et les services territoriaux de l'État, afin de savoir si elles sont caduques, ou bien à aménager ou tout simplement à renégocier entre les différents acteurs concernés par l'élaboration de cette charte.

Question· Question écrite25791answered

Question 25791 — environment

France · National Assembly

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister of Agriculture and Food to the issues related to the different species of ragweed. Indeed, these invasive species are harmful to human health due to their allergenic pollens. Present along roadsides as well as in urbanized areas, they are also weed species of spring crops causing significant yield losses which can go as far as destruction of the crop in place on a plot and additional management costs. A recent collection of ragweed management experiences in an agricultural context produced by the Ambrosia Observatory, FREDON France, highlights the difficulties encountered by farmers. For several years, the Stop Ambroisie association has been raising awareness among the population, elected officials and public authorities, and trying to instigate action plans. aimed at controlling this plant. Finally, a survey that the Alliance against Invasive Species (AEI) carried out in the fall of 2018 among the mayors of Charente, showed the lack of resources and information available to mayors in the face of the strong presence of ragweed in their municipalities. Furthermore, in September 2019, the council of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) approved the addition of ragweed on the EPPO A2 list of pests already present in the region recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. This addition to an alert list echoes an ANSES opinion from July 2017 reporting “an impact which can result in a total loss of the harvest”. As part of a global approach to ragweed risk management, there is therefore a real need to regulate at national level, concomitantly with the classification as species harmful to human health, ragweed as organisms harmful to plant health. This complementary classification would thus make it possible to facilitate synergies among all stakeholders and to set up a compensation program for farmers actively fighting these issues, both for the protection of their crops only for their health and that of French citizens. Also, on the occasion of the current revision of the national classification of species harmful to plant health, he asks whether ragweed species will be taken into account in the creation of the new national classification dependent on his ministry.

Question· Question écrite19841answered

Question 19841 — agriculture

France · National Assembly

M. Jean-Claude Leclabart attire l'attention de M. le ministre de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation sur l'impact des maladies fongiques en agriculture. Le monde agricole doit gérer tout au long du cycle des cultures des champignons pathogènes qui menacent les rendements et la qualité des récoltes. On estime que la septoriose et la rouille noire réduisent de 20 % la production de blé. Cette production ainsi perdue pourrait nourrir 8,5 % de la population mondiale, soit environ 600 millions de personnes. Concernant la qualité des productions, l'apparition de mycotoxines dans les cultures peut avoir un impact sur la santé humaine. La pourriture grise des raisins peut, par exemple, indirectement être à l'origine, de la production d'une mycotoxine naturelle ayant des propriétés cancérigènes, néphrotoxiques, tératogènes ou encore immunodépressives : l'ochratoxine A. Avec les évolutions du climat pouvant favoriser des températures douces voire chaudes et une pluviométrie élevée, les agriculteurs ont besoin de solutions diversifiées (soufre, cuivre, strobilurines, triazoles, SDHi) pour garantir des niveaux de production satisfaisants en quantité et qualité. Aussi, il lui demande de bien vouloir lui indiquer de quelle manière son ministère encourage la recherche et l'innovation pour toujours proposer des solutions durables aux agriculteurs.

Question· Question écrite17670open

Question 17670 — secondary education

France · National Assembly · 2 December 2019

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister of National Education and Youth to the closure of certain classes in the Somme department for the future 2019-2020 school year. The Somme department was the subject of a “dead college” day on March 4, 2019 in response to announcements of a reduction in hourly allocations planned in its establishments. The elimination of these teaching hours is not without consequences since it leads to the closure of sections and an imperceptible increase in numbers per class. Before incomprehension gives way to anger, he wanted to draw attention to the motivations which lead the representatives of parents and teachers to act. The main demand is that simple statistics do not come to condition the future of their children. The shortcut that wants the solution to fewer resources involves greater overcrowding of classes, which currently remains inaudible in rural areas. The elements of answer are lacking since in terms of success in the baccalaureate, the former Picardy has been lagging at the back of the pack for years. This is a warning sign that cannot be ignored. A signal which makes Mr. MP say that not all departments can be treated separately. the same, and therefore that greater efforts must be made where the need arises. The emergence of cases of DYS (dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysorthography) and the reduction of teaching resources are contradictory. Taking these situations into account requires that teaching conditions remain “bearable” and that “differentiated” teaching can be provided. Otherwise, the risk of “dropping out” » of these struggling students will become even bigger. The dynamics of new constructions reinforce this feeling of incomprehension. While municipalities and communities of municipalities are trying to organize themselves to welcome new populations, class closures are prescribed, presenting a real obstacle to the arrival of these citizens. The figures provided by the rectorate in October 2018 speak in favor of a maintaining teaching resources at a minimum for the start of the 2019 school year. They report a slight increase in enrollment over the 2016-2020 period. Logic would dictate that with an almost constant workforce, teaching positions and corresponding hourly allocations should be maintained at a minimum. The deputy expresses through these few observations the general feeling of parents and teachers of the rurality which characterizes the 4th district of the Sum. Studying on a case-by-case basis only reinforces this feeling of profound injustice. The situation is such that a college classified as REP is in fear of being downgraded, that another establishment sees its teaching hours limited on the grounds that it is an example of success and that it has a so-called “privileged” situation. He calls for his intervention. A careful look must be taken at the situation of colleges in department of the Somme. He knows the efforts already made by the National Assembly in favor of children's education. However, he intends that we now go beyond the commitments already made. It is imperative that the overall hourly allocations of colleges be maintained at appropriate levels as long as their situation justifies it. He asks her to please clarify her intentions in this matter.

Question· Question écrite19429answered

Question 19429 — health professions

France · National Assembly · 4 July 2019

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart draws the attention of the Minister of Agriculture and Food to the situation of veterinarians in the Hauts-de-France region. Member of Parliament for the 4th constituency of the very rural Somme, cattle, poultry, pig, rabbit and horse breeders are faced with a real problem of “veterinary deserts” for their farms. Following the cessation of the “Large animal” activity of a veterinarian in one of its cantons, the breeders had to find a veterinary practice in the neighboring department, Oise, which was kind enough to welcome them under agreement. Sometimes more than 60 km from the veterinarian's location, breeders live in daily stress with always the same question in mind: knowing if their animals will be treated in time. This shortage of practitioners is reaching record levels and poses great difficulties for farmers, and goes to the point of causing tragedies on certain farms. Today, breeders are totally “powerless” and sometimes watch their animals “die” before their eyes. Vets no longer want to travel, even in an emergency. As such, a letter was sent to more than 80 breeders announcing that their veterinarian will no longer travel due to lack of time and availability. major difficulties in recruiting veterinary doctors. Some breeders have managed to find, after numerous requests, a veterinarian, who is more than 80 km from their farm, but no guarantee has been given to them. How long will this new veterinarian agree to come? There are very few practitioners on the market, so retirements are synonymous with vacant places, especially in rural areas. By Elsewhere, the law requires any breeder who buys a calf or heifer between 6 and 8 months, to fatten it, to carry out a blood test to detect possible diseases. The breeders in his constituency, regardless of their will, can no longer respect the rules of cross-compliance at the risk of losing a significant part of their CAP premiums. Worse still, at a time when we are talking about animal welfare, animals are dying lack of care. How can we accept that breeders and their animals can suffer this situation. Isn't this inability to provide care similar to a form of animal abuse? It is urgent to act, more people need to choose these professions, in particular that of veterinarian. Rural areas and farmers deserve better than this, we must not allow deserts to develop veterinarians comparable to medical deserts. So why not introduce an installation bonus if a veterinarian agrees to treat large animals? Should we wait for Belgian or other veterinarians to arrive in order to respond to requests? The MP hopes that the Minister will take particular interest in this subject and that he will quickly find the necessary and appropriate solutions. He can count on his support and full collaboration to ensure the future of farmers and rural areas. He would therefore like to know his intentions on this issue.

Question· Question écrite16631open

Question 16631 — health professions

France · National Assembly · 1 May 2019

Mr. Jean-Claude Leclabart questions the Minister of Solidarity and Health about the European School of Multidisciplinary Podiatry (EEPP). Based in the Belgian capital, it ceased its activities during the 2014-2015 school year. The majority of French students enrolled in this establishment have chosen to complete their course in French schools, such as the Institut de formation en pedicure-podology in the Lille health region. He wishes to draw attention to the particular situation of five of these French students who are unable to obtain their state diploma even though they have completed each of their three years of study in France. The respective regional directorates of youth, sports and social cohesion, after having issued them with a provisional certificate of “state diploma podiatry pedicure” have reconsidered their decision. The interpretation of the provisions of the amended decree of July 8, 2015 led the regional directors of these administrations to reclassify the term “state diploma” as simple “equivalence”. From the extensive discussions that the MP was able to have with these students or their parents, one and the same request emerges: that of being awarded a state diploma taking into account the professional opportunities that this recognition can offer them. He deplores the "discriminatory" nature of the provisions of the amended decree of July 8, 2015. Although he is keen to encourage the resumption of the academic curriculum of the incriminated students, he fails to take into account the particular situation of the few students who had to pay the registration fees incurred with the EEPP and ignore the know-how stored to better re-register and complete their entire course in France. He does not accept that the skills and knowledge acquired by these students during their three years of study in French schools are considered less qualifying than those of their “French” counterparts. Just because the entrance exam into these schools turned out to be different, unequal treatment is created which he asks him to remedy as quickly as possible by taking the necessary measures. This inequality seems all the more obvious since the latest information suggests that for similar cases of students who had to return to school in Parisian schools, a state diploma and not an equivalence was issued. He therefore wishes to know his intentions on this issue.

Question· Question écrite20062open

Question 20062 — administration

France · National Assembly · 5 April 2019

M. Jean-Claude Leclabart attire l'attention de M. le ministre d'État, ministre de la transition écologique et solidaire, sur une nouvelle réglementation concernant l'homologation de véhicules terrestres. La 4e circonscription de la Somme, très rurale, dotée de nombreuses exploitations agricoles, permet à de nombreux constructeurs de machines agricoles d'être présents. Un dirigeant de l'une d'entre elle l'a interpellé sur une nouvelle réglementation concernant l'homologation de véhicules terrestres qui sera effective au 1er janvier 2020. Elle oblige à la remise à jour des dossiers d'homologation des véhicules neufs avant le 31 décembre 2019. Elle requiert également la modification de conception des machines. Le délai est court pour se mettre en conformité et les démarches administratives lourdes et longues. Cette entreprise a 30 dossiers d'homologations à actualiser avant le 31 décembre 2019. Ces dossiers doivent être envoyés à la DREAL des Hauts de France et s'ajouteront à la centaine de dossiers régionaux. Il lui paraît difficile que le délai de mise à jour et le traitement administratif soit compatible avec l'objectif que M. le ministre a fixé. Sans homologation, la production d'un véhicule ne peut être lancée. Une entreprise sans produits à commercialiser, des agriculteurs sans matériel pour exploiter et des salariés sans travail c'est ce que l'on craint fortement. Les conséquences sont énormes pour l'économie de ce territoire. M. le député espère que M. le ministre portera un intérêt particulier à cette problématique et qu'il trouvera rapidement les solutions nécessaires et adaptées. Il peut compter sur le soutien et l'entière collaboration de M. le député pour assurer l'avenir des entrepreneurs et des territoires ruraux. Aussi, il souhaite savoir s'il est envisageable de reporter d'un an, c'est-à-dire en janvier 2021, cette nouvelle prescription technique d'homologation afin que les entreprises ainsi que l'organisme instructeur puissent d'une part être en règle et que les dossiers aient le temps d'être traités.