Aviation

Safe Operations of Shared Airspace Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 5 June 2025

Safe Operations of Shared Airspace Act of 2025 This bill addresses aviation safety, such as through increasing requirements for aircraft tracking, communication, and coordination with the military. The bill also addresses Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) workforce issues. For example, the bill revises and increases requirements for using Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) equipment, which transmits information (e.g., location and weather information) between aircraft and air traffic control. Under the bill, aircraft must generally operate with ADS-B In (receiving) equipment. The FAA must issue performance requirements for the equipment to provide safety-enhancing capabilities (e.g., facilitating aircraft collision avoidance) for flight crews. Further, current FAA regulations allow aircraft performing a sensitive government mission to be excepted from requirements for using ADS-B Out (broadcasting) equipment. This bill limits which flights may be considered sensitive government missions (e.g., not training flights). The FAA must also (1) establish an office to coordinate airspace usage of military aircraft, (2) review the safety of certain flight operations and routes around airports, and (3) enter into memoranda of understanding with military agencies for safety information sharing. The FAA must conduct a Transport Airplane Risk Assessment Methodology analysis for any transport airplane accidents in the United States that result in a fatality. The bill also addresses FAA workforce issues, such as by excluding the FAA workforce from a federal hiring freeze, deferred resignation program, voluntary furlough, or reduction in force; supporting the recruitment and training of air traffic controllers; and requiring strict adherence to federal conflict of interest requirements.

LAUNCH Act

United States · United States Congress · 5 June 2025

Licensing Aerospace Units to New Commercial Heights Act or the LAUNCH Act This bill makes changes to, and requires certain evaluations of, regulatory processes for licensing commercial space launch and reentry activities and private remote sensing systems. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Office of Commercial Space Transportation regulates the launch and reentry of commercial spacecraft. In 2020, the FAA consolidated launch and reentry licensing requirements for all types of space vehicles into a single set of regulations, known as Part 450. The bill requires the FAA to evaluate and report on the implementation of Part 450 and its impacts on the commercial spaceflight industry, including whether the rule has resulted in uncertainty or operational delays. The FAA must also continue an aerospace rulemaking committee comprised of launch and reentry service providers. Further, the FAA must develop a digital system to accept commercial space launch and reentry applications and provide status information and notifications to applicants. The bill elevates the Office of Commercial Space Transportation to a modal administration reporting directly to the Department of Transportation (DOT). The administration must exercise all of DOT’s authorities related to commercial space launch and reentry. Finally, the bill revises the licensing process for private remote sensing systems and requires the Government Accountability Office to report on the Department of Commerce’s regulation of the private remote sensing industry. ( Remote sensing generally refers to the collection of data by instruments in Earth’s orbit, such as satellites, that can be processed into imagery of Earth’s surface.)

Drones for First Responders Act

United States · United States Congress · 5 June 2025

Drones for First Responders Act This bill imposes additional duties (i.e., tariffs) and limitations on the importation of unmanned aircraft (i.e., drones) and drone components sourced from China. Specifically, the bill imposes an additional duty on Chinese drones that incrementally increases from 30% (30 days after the bill's enactment) to $100 each plus 50% (four years after the bill's enactment and thereafter). Beginning in 2031, a drone may not enter the United States unless it is accompanied by a document required by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to establish that the drone does not contain specified components (e.g., radios or cameras) manufactured in China. CBP must confirm the document's veracity. The Federal Aviation Administration must provide CBP with a list of drones that qualify for an exemption from the prohibition. Generally, drones may not enter the United States under an exemption if they are wholly manufactured by a covered foreign entity (e.g., a Chinese military company) or in a foreign adversary country (i.e., North Korea, China, Russia, or Iran). The bill also (1) establishes the Secure Unmanned Aircraft Systems for First Responders Fund within the Treasury, (2) requires revenues from tariffs imposed on Chinese drones to be deposited into the fund, and (3) authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to use the fund to make grants to first responders, farmers and ranchers, and providers of critical infrastructure for secure drones (i.e., drones that are not manufactured or assembled by a covered foreign entity or in a foreign adversary country).

An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

United States · United States Congress · 20 May 2025

One Big Beautiful Bill Act This bill reduces taxes, reduces or increases spending for various federal programs, increases the statutory debt limit, and otherwise addresses agencies and programs throughout the federal government.   It is known as a reconciliation bill and includes legislation submitted by 11 House committees pursuant to provisions in the FY2025 congressional budget resolution (H Con. Res. 14) that directed the committees to submit legislation to the House Budget Committee that will increase or decrease the deficit and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. (Reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.) TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE  This title addresses a wide range of Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs, including by changing the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and extending programs authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the 2018 farm bill). Subtitle A--Nutrition (Sec. 10001) This section prohibits USDA from increasing the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) based on a reevaluation or update of the contents of the TFP (i.e., the market basket of goods). Further, any annual adjustment to the cost of the plan must be based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. As background, USDA created the TFP (the cost of purchasing a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet), which is used to determine maximum monthly benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). USDA calculates the cost of the TFP each year to account for food price inflation. Maximum allotments are set at the monthly cost of the TFP for a four-person family, adjusted for family size. Under a provision of the 2018 farm bill, USDA must reevaluate the market basket of goods every five years based on current food prices, food composition data, consumption patterns, and dietary guidance.  (Sec. 10002) This section expands the applicability of work requirements for SNAP recipients who are able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs). As background, these SNAP recipients have work-related requirements in addition to the general SNAP work registration and employment and training requirements. Specifically, the section amends the exemptions to this requirement. First, the section applies the work requirements for ABAWDs to adults who are not over 65 years old, whereas these requirements currently apply to adults who are not over 55 years old. Second, the ABAWD exemption for a parent or household member with responsibility for a dependent child is restricted to a dependent child under the age of seven. Currently, the child must be under the age of 18.  This section includes an exception for a person who is (1) responsible for a dependent child who is seven years of age or older, and (2) married to and resides with an individual who complies with the SNAP work requirements. In addition, the section specifies that current ABAWD exemptions set to sunset on October 1, 2030 will sunset. These exemptions from the ABAWD work requirements are for homeless individuals, veterans, and certain foster care individuals (those who are 24 years old or younger and were in foster care on the date of attaining 18 years of age or a higher age). (Sec. 10003) This section modifies the ABAWD waiver program's allowable state exemptions. Under current law, an ABAWD waiver program allows state exemptions based on an area having an unemployment rate of over 10% or an insufficient number of jobs. The section amends the exemption to require the unemployment rate to be based on the rate for the county, instead of the area. Further, the section repeals the provision that allows a state exemption if that area does not have a sufficient number of jobs. Under current law, a state agency may exempt up to 8% of SNAP recipients from the ABAWD work requirements for each fiscal year. This section reduces the percentage of exemptions a state agency may provide each year so that the average monthly number of exemptions does not exceed 1% of covered individuals (i.e., SNAP recipients and certain individuals who were denied SNAP benefits due to the work requirements).  (Sec. 10004) This section limits the availability of the Standard Utility Allowance (SUA) for determining SNAP income eligibility. Specifically, only households that include an elderly or disabled member may be considered automatically eligible for the SUA based on participation in the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) or a similar energy assistance program.  As background, when determining a household’s eligibility for SNAP, states consider the total shelter costs for a household, including the cost of utilities. States can use SUAs, which are standard amounts that represent low-income household utility costs in the state or local area. Currently, all LIHEAP participants who receive a minimum benefit are eligible for the SUA for determining SNAP income eligibility. (Sec. 10005) This section prohibits household internet costs (e.g., monthly subscriber fees) from being used in computing the excess shelter expense deduction for the purposes of determining the size of household SNAP benefits. (Sec. 10006) This section establishes state-matching fund requirements for the cost of SNAP program allotments. Currently, the state match is 0%. Beginning in FY2028, any state that has a payment error rate that is less than 6% must contribute a 5% match for the cost of SNAP program allotments.  A state with a payment error rate that is at least 6% but less than 8% must contribute 15%; at least 8% but less than 10% must contribute 20%; and 10% or greater must contribute 25%. (Sec. 10007) This section reduces the amount that USDA may pay a state agency for administrative costs for the operation of SNAP to 25% of all administrative costs, from the current 50%, thereby increasing the state share of administrative costs from 50% to 75%. (Sec. 10008) This section modifies the general work requirements of the SNAP program to cover individuals who are over the age of 17 and under the age of 65. Currently, the general work requirements apply to individuals who are over the age of 15 and under the age of 60. It also exempts parents or members of a household with responsibility for the care of a child who is under the age of seven (under the age of six under current law) from the requirements.  (Sec. 10009) This section requires state agencies (under the SNAP National Accuracy Clearinghouse) to use each indication of a multiple issuance of SNAP benefits to prevent multiple issuances of other federal and state assistance program benefits. (Sec. 10010) This section reduces the tolerance level to $0 for a state to exclude small SNAP payment errors in the calculation of payment error rates.  As background, the SNAP quality control system measures how accurately SNAP state agencies determine a household’s eligibility and benefit amount and determines overpayments of benefits and underpayments. Under current law, the Food and Nutrition Service must set a tolerance level for excluding small payment errors in the calculation of payment error rates (e.g., $56 or less in FY2024). This section requires that the calculation of payment error rates include all SNAP payment errors. (Sec. 10011) This section eliminates the SNAP Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program (SNAP-ED). (Sec. 10012) This section limits SNAP benefits to individuals who reside in the United States and are (1) a citizen, or (2) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence as an immigrant, with exceptions. Currently, SNAP eligibility extends to additional individuals who are classified as an alien under federal law, including an alien who has qualified for conditional entry under the asylum and refugee laws. This section also extends funding for the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) through FY2031. TEFAP provides food commodities (and cash support for storage and distribution costs) through states to local emergency feeding organizations (e.g., food banks). Subtitle B--Investment in Rural America (Sec. 10101) This section amends and extends commodity support programs. For example, the section extends the Price Loss Coverage Program, the Agricultural Risk Coverage Program, and Dairy Margin Coverage through crop year 2031. It also modifies various requirements for the programs. The section also extends the suspension of permanent price authority through crop year 2031 for commodities other than dairy and through December 31, 2031, for dairy. Further, the section addresses programs and issues such as marketing loans, disaster assistance, the sugar program, federal crop insurance, the Livestock Indemnity Program, and the establishment of a Poultry Insurance Pilot Program. For example, this section provides for a number of changes to Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC), which include changing the definition of production history to remove the consideration of production at the time the dairy operation first registered to participate in the DMC program; setting production history for the DMC program as the highest annual milk marketings for participating dairies during calendar year 2021, 2022, or 2023; raising the coverage limit to the first six million pounds for both Tier I and Tier II premiums, from the first five million pounds; and allowing producers to receive a 25% premium discount for a one-time premium election covering calendar years 2026-2031. (Sec. 10102) This section reauthorizes, and extends funding for, the following programs through FY2031: the Grassroots Source Water Protection Program, the Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program, the Feral Swine Eradication and Control Pilot Program, the Agriculture Conservation Easement Program (ACEP), the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), the Rural Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP), and the Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations Program. This section also rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided for ACEP, EQIP, CSP, and RCPP conservation programs as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.  (Sec. 10103) This section extends and provides increased funding for agricultural trade promotion and facilitation through FY2031. Specified funds are provided for the Market Access Program, Foreign Market Development Program,  E (Kika) de la Garza Emerging Marketing Program, Technical Assistance for Specialty Crops program, and the Priority Trade Fund. (Sec. 10104) This section reauthorizes and provides funding for a number of USDA research initiatives.  For example, this section provides specified funds to the 1890 National Scholars Program for FY2026 for student scholarships. This National Institute of Food and Agriculture program provides grants to 1890 Institutions (i.e., historically Black colleges and universities that belong to the U.S. land-grant university system) for students who intend to pursue a career in the food and agricultural sciences. This section provides the Specialty Crop Research Initiative with $175 million in mandatory funding for FY2026. Currently, the program is funded at $80 million for each fiscal year. This section also provides funding for competitive grants to assist in the construction, alteration, acquisition, modernization, renovation, or remodeling of Agricultural Research Facilities. (Sec. 10105) This section extends and modifies the Secure Rural Schools (SRS) program.  Under the existing SRS program, states and counties containing federal land may receive payments from the U.S. Forest Service or the Department of the Interior respectively. This section extends the authority of the Forest Service and Interior to (1) calculate and provide payments to states and counties under the SRS program through FY2026, and (2) initiate projects using funds provided by the program through FY2028. It also extends the deadline to obligate those funds until the end of FY2029. This section rescinds specified unobligated funds that were provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 for (1) competitive grants to nonfederal forest landowners, and (2) state and private forestry conservation programs.  (Sec. 10106) This section reauthorizes, and extends funding for, the biobased markets program (i.e., BioPreferred Program) through FY2031 to promote biobased products through (1) mandatory purchasing requirements for federal agencies and their contractors, and (2) a voluntary labeling initiative for biobased products. This section reauthorizes, and extends funding for, the bioenergy program for advanced biofuels (i.e., Advanced Biofuel Payment Program) through FY2031. The program provides payments to fuel producers to support and expand production of advanced biofuels (i.e., not derived from corn starch). (Sec. 10107) This section provides additional funding for the Plant Pest and Disease Management Disaster Prevention Program for FY2026 and each fiscal year thereafter. This section provides additional funding for the Specialty Crop Block Grant Program for FY2026 and each fiscal year thereafter. Under the block grant program, USDA provides grants to the state departments of agriculture to enhance the competitiveness of specialty crops (i.e., fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, horticulture, and nursery crops, including floriculture). The section also reauthorizes, and extends funding for, organic production and market data initiatives through FY2031.  This section reauthorizes, and extends funding through FY2026, for USDA to carry out the modernization and improvement of international trade technology systems and data collection on imports of organically produced agricultural products accepted into the United States. The section also reauthorizes the Organic Certification Cost Share Program, which provides cost share assistance to producers and handlers of agricultural products who are obtaining or renewing their certification under the National Organic Program. This section reauthorizes, and extends funding through FY2026 for the multiple crop and pesticide use survey of farmers. The USDA Office of Pest Management Policy conducts this survey to collect data for risk assessment modeling and mitigation for an active ingredient. (Sec. 10108) This section increases funding for the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Specific increases in funding are also provided for the National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program and the National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank. This section extends and increases funding for the Sheep Production & Marketing Grant Program through FY2026. This program seeks to strengthen and enhance the production and marketing of sheep and sheep products in the United States. This section also extends the Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund through December 31, 2031, which provides assistance to reduce the economic injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from tariffs on cotton fabric that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of cotton fabric; Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund through December 31, 2031, which provides assistance to reduce the economic injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from tariffs on wool fabric that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of wool fabric; Wool Research and Promotion Program through FY2031, which provides grants to assist U.S. wool producers with improving the quality of wool and with developing and promoting the wool market; and Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Development Trust Fund through FY2031, which funds a program that aims to bring together scientists to find scientifically sound and financially sustainable solutions to Huanglongbing (i.e., citrus greening, a bacterial disease spread by an insect that feeds on citrus). TITLE II--COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES (Sec. 20001) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to the Department of Defense (DOD) for the Marine Corps Barracks 2030 initiative, the Defense Health Program, supplemental payments of Basic Allowance for Housing to military personnel, and tuition assistance and child care assistance for members of the Armed Forces. The section also provides statutory authority to extend from 14 to 21 days eligibility for Temporary Lodging Expense (TLE) for certain servicemembers undergoing a permanent change of station. Additionally, the section temporarily increases authorized investment amounts and provides additional authorization for the acquisition or construction of certain military housing through private contracts. (Sec. 20002) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for the shipbuilding industrial base and various naval shipbuilding activities.  (Sec. 20003) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for the development of (1) space-based missile intercept capabilities, (2) military space-based sensors, and (3) the continued development of ground-based missile defense systems and related infrastructure. (Sec. 20004) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for various military weapon systems, including hypersonic, air-to-air, cruise, and anti-ship missiles. (Sec. 20005) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to expand the small, unmanned aerial system (UAS) industrial base, to advance the use of artificial intelligence in these and other systems, and to support the integration of commercial developments in military technology. The section also provides additional funding to finance loans and loan guarantees by the DOD Office of Strategic Capital. (Sec. 20006) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to replace current business systems, deploy automation, and deploy artificial intelligence to accelerate audits of DOD financial statements. (Sec. 20007) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to (1) modernize the capabilities of fighter, transport, and other military aircraft; (2) prevent the retirement of certain fighter aircraft (e.g., F-22); and (3) produce next-generation manned and unmanned aircraft. (Sec. 20008) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for nuclear defense resources and nuclear forces development and production. (Sec. 20009) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for (1) various military exercises and infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region, (2) classified military space-superiority programs, and (3) military support to the government of Taiwan. (Sec. 20010) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to enhance and modernize (1) military depots and shipyards, and (2) Special Operations Command (SOCOM) equipment.  (Sec. 20011) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to support border operations, including deployment of military personnel. (Sec. 20012) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to enhance military intelligence programs. (Sec. 20013) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for the DOD Office of Inspector General to monitor the activities for which funding is provided under this title. (Sec. 20014) This section authorizes each military department to use funding under this title for military construction, land acquisition, and military family housing. Each military department must submit a detailed spending plan to Congress. (Sec. 20015) This section requires DOD to submit a spending plan and subsequent expenditure reports to Congress for funding provided under this title. (Sec. 20016) This section prohibits any agreements that would require the payment of any funds provided under this title after September 30, 2034. TITLE III--COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE This title makes various changes to higher education, particularly to the federal student loan system. Subtitle A--Student Eligibility This subtitle revises eligibility for federal student aid and the amount of aid students may receive. (Sec. 30001) This section revises the citizenship categories that qualify a student for federal student aid. The section specifies eligibility for certain nationals of Cuba, Ukraine, or Afghanistan, and individuals who lawfully reside in the United States in accordance with a Compact of Free Association (i.e., the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau). (Sec. 30002) This section changes the way student eligibility for need-based federal aid is calculated by basing the calculation on the median cost of attendance by program of study from all institutions of higher education (IHEs) that offer such program of study rather than the cost of attendance of a student’s specific program as determined by their IHE. The section also restores an exemption for certain family farms and small businesses on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form. This section applies to the net worth of (1) a family farm on which the family resides, or (2) a small business with not more than 100 full-time or full-time equivalent employees that is owned and controlled by the family. Subtitle B--Loan Limits This subtitle makes various changes to federal student loans.  (Sec. 30011) This section terminates the ability of undergraduate students to receive subsidized loans and terminates the ability of graduate or professional students to receive Direct PLUS Loans beginning on July 1, 2026. It provides an exception (of up to three academic years) for a student who is already enrolled in a program of study and received a loan for the program.  The section also places certain restrictions on Parent PLUS Loans. In particular, parents may only borrow a Parent Plus Loan if the dependent student has already taken out their maximum annual unsubsidized loan amount.  The section also establishes new annual and aggregate loan limits for borrowers. For example, the section sets an overall aggregate lifetime borrowing limit of $200,000 for any single borrower across all federal loan types. The section allows IHEs to set lower loan limits. Subtitle C--Loan Repayment This subtitle revises loan repayment options for federal student loans. (Sec. 30021) This section terminates all current student loan repayment plans for loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2026. The Department of Education (ED) may only offer borrowers two options for repayment of federal student loans: a standard repayment plan (with the length of the repayment term determined by the total amount borrowed) and an income-based repayment plan (to be known as the Repayment Assistance Plan). (Sec. 30022) This section eliminates economic hardship and unemployment deferments beginning on July 1, 2025. It also reduces the total period a borrower may be in forbearance. A borrower who is serving in a medical or dental internship or residency program may be eligible for a forbearance in which no interest accrues for the first four 12-month intervals. However, interest begins to accrue for any subsequent 12-month interval.  (Sec. 30023) This section allows borrowers to rehabilitate a defaulted loan twice (currently, only once). However, beginning on July 1, 2025, the borrower must pay a minimum payment amount of $10. (Sec. 30024) This section allows payments under the new Repayment Assistance Plan to count as qualifying payments for purposes of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program. The section also specifies that a public service job, for purposes of the PSLF program, does not include time served in a medical or dental internship or residency program by an individual who, as of June 30, 2025, has not borrowed a Federal Direct PLUS Loan or a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loan.  (Sec. 30025) This section provides FY2025 and FY2026 funding to ED for administrative costs. Subtitle D--Pell Grants This subtitle makes changes to Pell Grants. (Sec. 30031) This section requires foreign income that is exempt from taxation or foreign income for which an individual receives a foreign tax credit to be included in the adjusted gross income calculation for purposes of calculating eligibility for Pell Grants. Students with a student aid index that equals or exceeds twice the amount of the total maximum Pell Grant are ineligible for Pell Grants, regardless of their adjusted gross income.  The section also increases the number of credits needed to qualify for full-time enrollment in order to receive Pell Grants. The section prohibits a student who is enrolled less than half time from receiving a Pell Grant. The section’s changes take effect beginning on July 1, 2025. (Sec. 30032) This section requires ED to award Workforce Pell Grants to students enrolled in eligible workforce programs. Eligible programs are those that provide at least 150 clock hours (but less than 600 clock hours) of instruction during a minimum of 8 weeks (but less than 15 weeks). The section’s changes take effect beginning on July 1, 2026. (Sec. 30033) This section increases funding for Pell Grants for FY2026-FY2028. Subtitle E--Accountability This subtitle creates a new risk-sharing framework for IHEs. (Sec. 30041) This section requires IHEs participating in federal student loan programs to make annual risk-sharing payments based on the nonrepayment balance of student loan cohorts.  The section also outlines penalties for late or missing payments. For example, the section prohibits an IHE from offering Direct Loans to students if the IHE has not made a payment within 12 months of receiving a notification from ED. The section also prohibits an IHE from offering Direct Loans or awarding Pell Grants if the IHE has not made a risk-sharing payment in 18 months. If an IHE fails to make a payment within two years, the IHE may not participate in federal student loan programs for a minimum of 10 years. The section’s changes take effect beginning with award year 2028-2029. (Sec. 30042) This section establishes the Promoting Real Opportunities to Maximize Investments and Savings in Education (PROMISE) grant program. To receive a PROMISE grant, an IHE must meet maximum total price guarantee requirements (as outlined in the section). These grants may be used to carry out activities related to postsecondary affordability, access, and student success. Subtitle F--Regulatory Relief This subtitle repeals several rules and regulations related to higher education. (Sec. 30051) This section repeals the 90/10 rule, which requires proprietary (i.e., for profit) IHEs participating in federal student aid programs to derive at least 10% of their tuition and fee revenue from nonfederal funds. The section also removes references to gainful employment within the Higher Education Act of 1965. The section repeals ED regulations pertaining to closed school discharges of qualifying federal student loans and borrower defense to repayment. Regulations repealed by this section are replaced with those regulations that were in effect on June 30, 2023. The section also prohibits ED from implementing any rule, regulation, policy, or executive action regarding these regulations unless explicitly authorized by an act of Congress. Subtitle G--Limitation on Authority This subtitle limits the authority of ED to propose or issue regulations and executive actions related to federal student aid programs. (Sec. 30061) This section prohibits ED from issuing a proposed rule, final regulation, or executive action if ED determines that the rule, regulation, or action (1) is economically significant, and (2) would result in an increase in a subsidy cost. Economically significant refers to a regulation or executive action that is likely to (1) have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; or (2) adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or state, local, or tribal governments or communities. TITLE IV--ENERGY AND COMMERCE Subtitle A--Energy (Sec. 41001) This section rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided by the Inflation Reduction Act for various energy programs, such as State-Based Home Energy Efficiency Contractor Training Grants, the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, and the Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program.   (Sec. 41002) This section directs the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to issue certificates of crossing for certain energy infrastructure at international boundaries of the United States and establishes a fee for the certificate. Under this section, no person may construct, connect, operate, or maintain a cross-border segment (i.e., located at an international boundary between the United States and Mexico or Canada) for the import or export of certain energy-related products, or for the transmission of electricity, without first obtaining the certificate of crossing from FERC. The section includes an exception for cross-border segments that were previously authorized by a Presidential permit.  (Sec. 41003) This section establishes fees for certain natural gas exports and imports. (Sec. 41004) This section provides funding to the Department of Energy (DOE) for administrative expenses for carrying out loan guarantees related to liquefied natural gas pipeline projects from Alaska.  (Sec. 41005) This section allows for expedited permitting for certain natural gas projects.  (Sec. 41006) This section allows certain carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and petroleum pipeline projects to be permitted under the same procedures as certain natural gas projects.  (Sec. 41007) This section establishes and provides funding for a De-risking Compensation Program that provides compensation for unrecoverable losses associated with energy projects that, for example, have had federal approval revoked. (Sec. 41008) This section provides funding for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). It also repeals a provision that requires DOE to draw down and sell a specified quantity of crude oil from the SPR during FY2026-FY2027.  (Sec. 41009) This section rescinds unobligated funds that were provided to DOE for the Office of the Inspector General, Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, State and Community Energy Programs, Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and other offices and programs. Subtitle B--Environment Part 1--Repeals and Rescissions This part repeals certain programs established under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and rescinds certain funds provided under the act. (Sec. 42101) This section repeals a program under which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides (1) grants and rebates to replace certain medium-duty vehicles (e.g., school buses) and heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., garbage trucks) with zero-emission vehicles, and (2) awards to replace such vehicles in communities located in areas designated as nonattainment areas under the Clean Air Act (e.g., areas that do not meet national air quality standards).  (Sec. 42102) This section repeals a program under which the EPA provides incentives to reduce air pollution at certain ports. Under the program, the EPA awards rebates and grants to port authorities and other eligible entities to (1) purchase or install equipment and technology to reduce pollution at ports, (2) conduct any relevant planning or permitting in connection with those purchases, and (3) develop climate action plans. The program also provides additional funding for rebates and grants for carrying out such activities in ports located in areas designated as nonattainment areas under the Clean Air Act.  (Sec. 42103) This section repeals the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, which provides financial and technical assistance to states and other eligible recipients to help enable low-income and disadvantaged communities carry out activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (Sec. 42104) This section repeals an EPA program that gives grants, rebates, and loans under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to identify and reduce diesel emissions resulting from goods movement (e.g., distribution of raw materials and consumer products) facilities as well as vehicles servicing those facilities in low-income and disadvantaged communities.  (Sec. 42105) This section repeals funding for a variety of programs that provide incentives to monitor and reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases, including funding for grants and other activities to deploy, integrate, support, and maintain stations, technology, and other methods to monitor air toxins; expand the national ambient air quality monitoring network with new multi-pollutant monitoring stations; replace, repair, operate, and maintain existing monitors; deploy, integrate, and operate air quality sensors in low-income and disadvantaged communities; address emissions from wood heaters; monitor emissions of methane; conduct research and development related to the prevention and control of air pollution; and encourage states to adopt and implement greenhouse gas and zero-emission standards for mobile sources. (Sec. 42106) This section rescinds specified funds for grants and other activities to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants at schools in low-income and disadvantaged communities. Further, it rescinds funding for technical assistance to schools in low-income and disadvantaged communities to (1) address environmental issues; (2) develop school environmental quality plans that include standards for school building, design, construction, and renovation; and (3) identify and mitigate ongoing air pollution hazards.  (Sec. 42107) This section rescinds funding for a low emissions electricity program that provides education, technical assistance, and outreach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that result from domestic electricity generation and use.  (Sec. 42108) This section rescinds funding provided under the EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard Program for the development and establishment of tests and protocols regarding the environmental and public health effects of a fuel or fuel additive; the collection and analysis of data to update applicable regulations, guidance, and procedures for determining the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a fuel over the fuel's life cycle (e.g., production, processing, transport); the review, analysis, and evaluation of the impacts of all transportation fuels on the public as well as on low-income and disadvantaged communities; and supporting investments in advanced biofuels. (Sec. 42109) This section rescinds funding to implement the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020, which directs the EPA to address hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). HFCs are greenhouse gases that are used in applications such as air conditioning, refrigeration, fire suppression, and aerosols.  (Sec. 42110) This section rescinds funding to update the EPA's Integrated Compliance Information System and any associated systems, necessary information technology infrastructure, or public access software tools to ensure access to compliance data and related information. Further, it also rescinds funding for grants to states, Indian tribes, and air pollution control agencies to update their systems to ensure communication with EPA’s system. Finally, it rescinds funding to the EPA for updating inspection software or acquiring such software or devices on which to run the software.  (Sec. 42111) This section rescinds funding for the EPA to support (1) enhanced standardization and transparency of corporate climate action commitments and plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; (2) enhanced transparency regarding progress toward meeting such commitments and implementing such plans; and (3) progress toward meeting such commitments and implementing such plans. (Sec. 42112) This section repeals the EPA’s program that supports the development, enhanced standardization and transparency, and reporting criteria for environmental product declarations for construction materials and products. The declarations must include measurements of the greenhouse gases associated with all the relevant stages of production, use, and disposal of the construction materials and products. (Sec. 42113) This section repeals the methane emissions reduction program under which the EPA provides financial incentives to encourage the reporting of greenhouse gases, the monitoring of methane, and the reduction of methane emissions from petroleum and natural gas systems.  (Sec. 42114) This section repeals the EPA’s program that awards grants to states, air pollution control agencies, municipalities, and Indian tribes for developing and implementing plans to reduce greenhouse gas air pollution.  (Sec. 42115) This section rescinds certain funding relating to the EPA providing efficient, accurate, and timely reviews, including developing efficient, accurate, and timely reviews for permitting and approval processes through the hiring and training of personnel; developing programmatic documents; procuring technical or scientific services for reviews; developing environmental data or information systems; engaging stakeholders; purchasing new equipment for environmental analysis; and developing geographic information systems and other analysis tools, techniques, and guidance to improve agency transparency, accountability, and public engagement. (Sec. 42116) This section repeals a program under which the EPA identifies and labels construction materials and products that have substantially lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions associated with all the relevant stages of production, use, and disposal of the materials and products.  (Sec. 42117) This section repeals funding to the EPA for environmental and climate justice block grants that benefit disadvantaged communities.  Part 2--Repeal of EPA Rule Relating to Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards This part nullifies the final rule issued by the EPA titled Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles and published on April 18, 2024. The rule established and modified requirements for certain light-duty or medium-duty vehicles (e.g., cars, trucks, and sports utility vehicles that are under a certain weight), including requirements related to (1) emission standards, such as a greenhouse gas emission standard; (2) the durability of batteries for certain electric and hybrid vehicles; and (3) measuring fuel economy. Part 3--Repeal of NHTSA Rule Relating to CAFE Standards This part nullifies the final rule issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration titled Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks for Model Years 2027 and Beyond and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Heavy-Duty Pickup Trucks and Vans for Model Years 2030 and Beyond and published on June 24, 2024. Subtitle C--Communications  Part 1--Spectrum Auctions (Sec. 43101) This section renews the authority of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to auction licenses for the use of radio frequency spectrum and requires certain frequencies to be reallocated and auctioned on an exclusive, licensed basis for fixed and mobile broadband. Specifically, this section reauthorizes the FCC’s use of competitive bidding (i.e., auctions) to grant licenses for the use of specific frequencies through September 30, 2034. (The FCC’s auction authority must be renewed by Congress periodically. It expired on March 9, 2023, and has not been renewed.) Further, within two years of this title’s enactment, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) must identify at least 600 megahertz of spectrum at frequencies between 1.3 and 10 gigahertz for reallocation to nonfederal use on an exclusive, licensed basis. (Certain frequencies used primarily by the Department of Defense and unlicensed devices, including Wi-Fi, are excluded from auction eligibility.) To the extent that the identified spectrum is currently assigned to federal users, the NTIA must withdraw or modify such assignments.  The FCC must conduct one or more auctions of the identified spectrum for use on an exclusive,  licensed basis for mobile broadband, fixed broadband, or a combination thereof. The FCC must complete auctioning at least 200 megahertz of the identified spectrum within three years of this title’s enactment, and must complete auctioning any remaining spectrum within six years of enactment. Part 2--Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology Modernization (Sec. 43201) This section prohibits states and localities from regulating artificial intelligence (AI) models, AI systems, or automated decision systems for 10 years. This prohibition does not apply to any state law or regulation the primary purpose and effect of which is to remove legal impediments to, facilitate the deployment or operation of, or consolidate administrative procedures in a manner that facilitates the adoption of AI models, AI systems, or automated decision systems; that does not impose substantive design, performance, data-handling, documentation, civil liability, taxation, fee, or other requirements on AI models, AI systems, or automated decision systems, unless such requirements are imposed under federal law or are generally applicable to other models and systems that perform similar functions; or that imposes only fees and bonds that are reasonable and cost-based and treat other models and systems that perform similar functions in the same manner as AI models, AI systems, and automated decision systems.  This section also provides specified funds to the Department of Commerce to modernize and secure federal information technology systems through the replacement of some existing systems and the deployment of commercial AI and automation technologies. Specifically, Commerce must use funds appropriated under this section to (1) replace or modernize legacy business systems with commercial AI and automated decision systems; (2) facilitate the adoption of AI models that increase efficiency and service delivery; and (3) improve the cybersecurity of federal information technology systems through modernized architecture, automated threat detection, and integrated AI solutions.  Under this section, AI is defined as a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. An AI model is a software component of an information system that implements AI technology and uses computational, statistical, or machine-learning techniques to produce outputs from a defined set of inputs. An AI system is any data system, software, hardware, application, tool, or utility that operates in whole or in part using AI. An automated decision system is any computational process derived from machine learning, statistical modeling, data analytics, or AI that issues a simplified output (e.g., a score, classification, or recommendation) to materially influence or replace human decision making. Subtitle D--Health Part 1--Medicaid Subpart A--Reducing Fraud and Improving Enrollment Processes (Sec. 44103) This section requires the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to establish a centralized system for states to check whether enrollees are simultaneously enrolled in Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in multiple states.  Beginning no later than 2027, states must regularly obtain the addresses of Medicaid and CHIP enrollees from specified authorized sources. Beginning no later than FY2030, states must report on at least a monthly basis the Social Security numbers of enrollees to the CMS' newly established system. The CMS must notify states on at least a monthly basis of individuals who are enrolled in multiple states so that states may take appropriate action.  The section provides funds for FY2026 and FY2029 for the CMS to establish and maintain the new system, respectively. (Sec. 44104) This section requires state Medicaid programs to check, beginning in 2028, the Social Security Administration's Death Master File on at least a quarterly basis to determine whether Medicaid enrollees are deceased. (Sec. 44105) This section requires state Medicaid programs to check, beginning in 2028, as part of the provider enrollment and reenrollment process, whether providers were terminated from participating in the Medicare program, any other state Medicaid program, or CHIP using certain databases (e.g., the Data EXchange system). The section requires states to continue to check these databases on at least a monthly basis after providers are enrolled. (Sec. 44106) This section provides statutory authority for the requirement that state Medicaid programs check, as part of the provider enrollment and reenrollment process, whether providers are deceased through the Social Security Administration's Death Master File. Beginning in 2028, the section requires states to continue to check this database on at least a quarterly basis after providers are enrolled. (Sec. 44108) This section requires state Medicaid programs to redetermine every six months, beginning in FY2028, the eligibility of individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid as part of the Medicaid expansion population under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. (The act allows states to extend Medicaid coverage to all adults under the age of 65 with incomes of up to 138% of the federal poverty level, including able-bodied adults without dependent children.) (Sec. 44111) This section reduces by 10%, beginning in FY2028, the enhanced federal matching rate for the Medicaid expansion population in states that provide comprehensive health benefits or financial assistance for purchasing health benefits to individuals who are not lawfully residing in the United States, regardless of the source of the benefits or financial assistance. Subpart B--Preventing Wasteful Spending (Sec. 44123) This section provides funds through FY2033 for the CMS to survey retail and non-retail pharmacies (e.g., mail-order pharmacies) to determine average prices of covered outpatient drugs under Medicaid. Pharmacies that fail to participate in the surveys are subject to civil penalties. The section additionally provides funds for FY2026 for the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (OIG) to study the results of the survey and report accordingly to Congress. (Sec. 44124) This section requires pass-through pricing models, and prohibits spread-pricing, for payment arrangements with pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) under Medicaid. (Sec. 44125) This section prohibits federal payment under Medicaid or CHIP for specified gender transition procedures for individuals under the age of 18. The section defines these procedures to mean those that are intended to change the body of an individual to no longer correspond to the individual's biological sex (male or female), including specified surgeries, implants, and medications (e.g., hormones). The section excludes procedures that are provided to an individual under the age of 18 with the consent of a parent or legal guardian and that are intended to (1) rectify early puberty, genetic disorders, or chromosomal abnormalities; (2) reverse prior gender transition procedures; or (3) prevent imminent death or impairment of a major bodily function. (Sec. 44126) This section prohibits federal Medicaid payment for 10 years to nonprofit health care providers that serve predominantly low-income, medically underserved individuals (i.e., essential community providers) if the provider (1) primarily furnishes family planning services, reproductive health, and related care; (2) offers abortions in cases other than that of rape, incest, or life-threatening conditions for the woman; and (3) in FY2024, received federal and state Medicaid payments totaling more than $1 million. Subpart C--Stopping Abusive Financing Practices (Sec. 44131) This section requires states that had not chosen to expand Medicaid pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act prior to March 11, 2021, to do so by January 1, 2026, in order to receive the corresponding enhanced federal matching rate. (Sec. 44132) This section generally precludes states from instituting new or otherwise increasing Medicaid provider taxes. Specifically, the section precludes the revenue from any Medicaid provider tax that is newly imposed or increased by a state from qualifying for federal matching payments.  (Sec. 44133) This section provides funds through FY2033 for the CMS to revise regulations so as to limit state-directed payments for inpatient hospital services, outpatient hospital services, nursing facility services, or qualified practitioner services at an academic medical center under Medicaid managed care contracts to the payment rate for services under Medicare, rather than the average commercial rate. Subpart D--Increasing Personal Accountability (Sec. 44141) This section requires, beginning in 2029, individuals who are eligible for Medicaid as part of the Medicaid expansion population to engage in community service, work, or other activities in order to qualify for Medicaid. Specifically, the section requires these individuals to, on a monthly basis, (1) work at least 80 hours, (2) complete at least 80 hours of community service, (3) participate in a work program for at least 80 hours, (4) be enrolled at least half-time in an educational program, or (5) engage in any combination thereof for a total of at least 80 hours. Individuals may also qualify if they have a monthly income that is at least as much as the equivalent of minimum wage multiplied by 80 hours. Individuals who are applying for Medicaid must demonstrate compliance with these requirements for one month or more (as determined by the state) consecutively and immediately prior to filing an application; individuals who are already enrolled in Medicaid must demonstrate compliance for one month or more (as determined by the state), whether or not consecutive, during the period between the individual’s last eligibility determination and the next scheduled eligibility determination.  States must verify an individual’s compliance upon a determination or redetermination of eligibility but may also choose to verify compliance more frequently. States may not waive the new requirements. However, states may choose to provide an exception for individuals experiencing short-term hardships (e.g., hospitalization). The section excludes certain individuals from these requirements, including those with serious medical conditions or dependent children.  The section provides funds for FY2026 for states and the CMS to implement these requirements. (Sec. 44142) This section requires, beginning in FY2029, states to institute cost-sharing requirements for individuals who are eligible for Medicaid as part of the Medicaid expansion population and whose family income exceeds the federal poverty line. Cost sharing may not exceed $35 for an item or service; total cost sharing for all individuals in a family may not exceed 5% of the family’s income.  The requirements do not apply to services for which cost sharing is already prohibited (e.g., emergency services). States may allow providers to condition the provision of services upon the payment of any required cost sharing. Part 2--Affordable Care Act (Sec. 44201) This section modifies enrollment, coverage, and other aspects of health insurance exchanges beginning in 2026, including prohibiting the mandate of special enrollment periods based on income, requiring verification of income and other eligibility requirements prior to certain enrollments, and prohibiting coverage of gender transition procedures as an essential health benefit. Part 3--Improving Americans’ Access to Care (Sec. 44301) This section modifies certain provisions under the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program with respect to orphan drugs. The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program requires the CMS to negotiate the prices of certain prescription drugs under Medicare beginning in 2026. Among other requirements, drugs must have had market approval for at least 7 years (for drug products) or 11 years (for biologics) to qualify for negotiation. The program does not apply to orphan drugs that are approved to treat only one rare disease or condition. The bill modifies these provisions so as to exclude any period in which a drug was an orphan drug from market approval calculations. It also excludes orphan drugs that are approved to treat more than one rare disease or condition from the program. The changes take effect in 2028. (Sec. 44302) This section requires states to establish a process through which qualifying out-of-state providers may temporarily treat children under Medicaid and CHIP without undergoing additional screening requirements.  Specifically, states must establish a process through which qualifying out-of-state providers may enroll for five years as participating providers to treat individuals under the age of 21 without undergoing additional screening requirements. A qualifying out-of-state provider (1) must not have been excluded or terminated from participating in a federal health care program or state Medicaid program; and (2) must have been successfully enrolled in Medicare or a state Medicaid program based on a determination that the provider posed a limited risk of fraud, waste, or abuse. The section’s changes take effect four years after enactment. (Sec. 44305) This section prohibits PBMs under the Medicare prescription drug benefit or Medicare Advantage from receiving any income for their services other than bona fide service fees. It also establishes reporting requirements for PBMs relating to the prices of prescription drugs. Specifically, beginning in 2028, PBMs may not receive any income other than flat, bona fide service fees. PBMs must turn over any excess amounts they receive to prescription drug plan (PDP) sponsors; PDP sponsors must turn over these amounts to the CMS. In addition, PBMs must report to PDP sponsors and to the CMS an itemized list of prescription drugs that were dispensed during the previous year and related data about costs, claims, affiliated pharmacies, and other specified information. The section provides funds for FY2025 for the CMS and the OIG to implement these requirements. TITLE V--COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES (Sec. 50001) This section rescinds unobligated funds from the Green and Resilient Retrofit Program under the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The program provides funding for energy efficiency improvements in multifamily properties receiving HUD assistance.  (Sec. 50002) This section transfers the duties of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The board is a nonprofit corporation that regulates the audits of publicly traded companies. (Sec. 50003) This section reduces funding for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and makes such funding subject to review by Congress. (Sec. 50004) This section requires the CFPB to transfer excess funds in the Civil Penalty Fund to the general fund of the Treasury after paying direct victims of consumer financial law violations. Currently, the CFPB uses such funds for consumer education and financial literacy programs.  (Sec. 50005) This section limits the amounts collected by the Office of Financial Research for the Financial Research Fund. TITLE VI--COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY (Sec. 60001) This section provides funding to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for construction, installation, or improvement to barriers; access roads; detection technology; invasive plant species eradication; and expenses for facilities and checkpoints along U.S. borders.  (Sec. 60002) This section provides funding for CBP personnel, bonuses, facilities, and fleet vehicles. (Sec. 60003) This section provides funding for CBP inspection and surveillance equipment, rapid air and marine response capabilities, the vetting of foreign nationals, and activities to prevent drug trafficking. (Sec. 60004) This section provides funding to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for reimbursing state and local law enforcement for extraordinary costs associated with protecting a residence of the President.  (Sec. 60005) This section provides funding to FEMA (1) to assist state and local authorities to detect, identify, track, or monitor unmanned aircraft systems; (2) for security, planning, and other costs related to the 2026 FIFA World Cup; (3) for security, planning, and other costs related to the 2028 Olympics; and (4) for the Operation Stonegarden grant program. TITLE VII--COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY Subtitle A--Immigration Matters Part 1--Immigration Fees This part establishes additional or increased fees for various immigration programs and procedures. These fees include those required for applications for asylum, employment authorizations for asylees, parolees, and individuals granted temporary protected status, individuals paroled into the United States, individuals applying for special immigrant juvenile status, individuals applying for Temporary Protected Status, and sponsoring the placement of an unaccompanied child. This part also establishes various fees for specified judicial and adjudicative filings, including filing in immigration court an application for waiver of grounds of inadmissibility, filing an appeal of a decision of an immigration judge or a DHS officer, and a practitioner filing an appeal in a disciplinary case.  Part 2--Use of Funds This part provides funding for various immigration agencies and offices for purposes of immigration enforcement, removal, maintenance of facilities, and program operations. This includes the Executive Office for Immigration Review, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Office of Refugee Resettlement, and the performance of immigration officer functions by state officers and employees. (Sec. 70120) This section provides funding for the U.S. Secret Service. (Sec. 70121) This section provides funding for the Department of Justice to combat drug trafficking.  Subtitle B--Regulatory Matters (Sec. 70200) This section requires congressional approval for the enactment of certain major rules by a federal agency.  Specifically, the section establishes a congressional approval process for major rules that increase revenues. Such a major rule may only take effect if Congress approves of the rule. In addition, the section establishes a procedure for disapproving rules that increased revenues submitted during the final year of a president’s term. Over the next five years, agencies must annually submit for review rules currently in effect. Any rule not approved by Congress at the end of this review period is discontinued.  The section provides funding to the Office of Management and Budget and to the Government Accountability Office to carry out this section. Subtitle C--Other Matters (Sec. 70300) This section prohibits the federal government from entering into or enforcing a settlement agreement on behalf of the United States that provides for a payment to any person or entity other than the United States. The section provides exceptions to allow payments that (1) remedy actual harm (including to the environment) caused by the party making the payment, or (2) constitute a payment for services rendered in connection with the case. The office of inspector general for each agency must report annually on any settlement agreements that violate the section’s requirements. (Sec. 70301) This section expands the definition of solicitation of orders to include business activities that serve an independently valuable business function apart from the solicitation of orders for purposes of the limitation on a state’s authority to impose a net income tax on an out-of-state seller. Under current law, a state is prohibited from imposing a net income tax on income derived from within the state from interstate commerce if the only business activity within the state is the solicitation of orders for the sale of tangible personal property, provided that the orders are approved (or rejected) and filled by shipment or delivery from outside of the state. Further, the Supreme Court has held that the term solicitation of orders includes (1) activities that are strictly essential to making requests for purchases, and (2) ancillary activities that serve no independent business function apart from their connection to requests for purchases. Under this section, the definition of solicitation of orders is expanded to include business activities that facilitate the solicitation of orders even if such business activities serve an independently valuable business function apart from the solicitation. (Sec. 70302) This section limits the ability of U.S. courts to enforce a citation for contempt for failure to comply with an injunction or temporary restraining order. Specifically, if no security was given when the injunction or order was issued, the citation of contempt may not be enforced using appropriated funds. This limitation applies to injunctions or orders issued before, on, or after the date of enactment. TITLE VIII--COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES Subtitle A--Energy and Mineral Resources Part I--Oil and Gas (Sec. 80101) This section establishes requirements about leasing onshore federal land for oil and natural gas development, including by directing the Department of the Interior to immediately resume onshore quarterly lease sales.  (Sec. 80102) This section modifies noncompetitive leasing procedures under the Mineral Leasing Act. For example, it directs lands which do not receive bids during an oil and gas lease sale, or where the highest bid is less than the national minimum, to be offered within 30 days for noncompetitive leasing. (Sec. 80103) This section directs Interior to approve applications that allow for the commingling of production from two or more sources (e.g., the area of an oil and gas lease and nonfederal property) before production reaches the point of royalty measurement if a fee of $10,000 is paid and other conditions are met. It also directs Interior to establish a permit-by-rule process under which leaseholders may obtain approval to drill for oil and gas on federal land if the leaseholder pays a $5,000 fee and complies with other established regulations. (Sec. 80104) This section prohibits Interior from requiring a permit to drill for an oil and gas lease under the Mineral Leasing Act if the leaseholder pays a fee of $5,000 and criteria related to nonfederal ownership of the land or minerals are met. (Sec. 80105) This section decreases the minimum royalty rates for onshore and offshore development of oil and gas on federal lands. Part II--Geothermal (Sec. 80111) This section directs Interior to hold geothermal lease sales annually and conduct replacement sales for canceled or delayed lease sales. (Sec. 80112) This section modifies royalty provisions under the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970, including by stating that geothermal facilities on the same geothermal lease are treated as separate facilities with respect to royalty payment. Part III--Alaska (Sec. 80121) This section modifies provisions concerning the production of oil and gas from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska, including by providing for the reissuance of certain leases for energy development.  The section also directs Interior to conduct at least four lease sales under the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in the ANWR not later than seven years after enactment of the bill. Additionally, it outlines how the revenues derived from the program must be divided between Alaska and the federal government. (Sec. 80122) This section restores and resumes the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) oil and gas program. It also outlines how the revenues derived from the program must be divided between Alaska and the federal government. Part IV--Mining (Sec. 80131) This section nullifies the Bureau of Land Management’s Public Land Order No. 7917 for Withdrawal of Federal Lands; Cook, Lake, and Saint Louis Counties, MN that was published on January 31, 2023. It also reinstates certain hardrock mineral leases in the Superior National Forest in Minnesota. (Sec. 80132) This section provides for the establishment of a surface transportation access corridor for the Ambler Road Project in Alaska. Part V--Coal (Sec. 80141) This section directs Interior to hold certain coal lease sales. (Sec. 80142) This section nullifies Interior's Secretarial Order 3338, which placed a hold on most new federal coal leases until the BLM completes a comprehensive review of the federal coal program. (Sec. 80143) This section temporarily decreases the royalty rate for coal leases on federal lands. (Sec. 80144) This section authorizes all federal coal reserves leased under Federal Coal Lease MTM 97988 to be mined in accordance with the Bull Mountains Mining Plan Modification. Part VI--NEPA (Sec. 80151) This section modifies the environmental review process under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, including by allowing a project sponsor to opt to pay a fee for the preparation and completion of an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement by certain deadlines. (Sec. 80152) This section rescinds certain funding for the Council on Environmental Quality, including funding for (1) collecting data related to environmental and climate issues, (2) tracking disproportionate burdens and cumulative impacts, and (3) supporting efforts to ensure that any mapping or screening tool is accessible to community-based organizations and community members.  Part VII--Miscellaneous (Sec. 80161) This section establishes a filing fee for protests of oil and gas lease sales. Part VIII--Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing (Sec. 80171) This section directs Interior to hold a specified number of offshore oil and gas lease sales on certain submerged lands of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), including areas in the Gulf of America and the Cook Inlet Planning Area in Alaska. (Sec. 80172) This section directs Interior to approve operator requests to commingle production from multiple reservoirs within a single wellbore completed on the OCS of the Gulf of America unless conclusive evidence shows the practice would be unsafe or reduce recovery. (Sec. 80173) This section modifies the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 to raise the cap on the distribution of OCS revenues from $500 million to $650 million for FY2026-FY2034. Part IX--Renewable Energy (Sec. 80181) This section establishes requirements related to renewable energy fees on federal lands, including by providing statutory authority for annual acreage rent for wind and solar rights-of-ways. (Sec. 80182) This section provides a mechanism for states, counties, and the federal government to share revenues from renewable energy projects on public lands. Subtitle B--Water, Wildlife, and Fisheries (Sec. 80201) This section rescinds funding provided to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that NOAA uses to provide financial or technical assistance to coastal states and other eligible entities in order to enable coastal communities prepare for extreme storms and other changing climate conditions. The assistance may be used for the conservation, restoration, and protection of coastal habitat, marine habitats, and marine fisheries. (Sec. 80202) This section rescinds funding for certain NOAA facilities (e.g., piers, fisheries laboratories, and national marine sanctuaries facilities). (Sec. 80203) This section provides funding to the Bureau of Reclamation for construction and associated activities that increase the capacity of existing Reclamation surface water storage facilities. (Sec. 80204) This section provides funding to Reclamation for construction and associated activities that increase the capacity of existing Reclamation conveyance facilities. Subtitle C--Federal Lands (Sec. 80301) This section prohibits the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) from implementing, administering, or enforcing the Rock Springs Field Office Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan, which was signed on December 20, 2024. The plan includes guidance for managing public lands administered by the office and located in Lincoln, Sweetwater, Uinta, Sublette, and Fremont Counties in southwestern Wyoming. (Sec. 80302) This section prohibits the BLM from implementing, administering, or enforcing its 2024 Approved Resource Management Plan Amendment for its Buffalo Field Office in Wyoming. The field office manages 780,291 acres of public lands and 4,731,140 acres of mineral estates within Campbell, Johnson, and Sheridan Counties in north-central Wyoming. In 2015, the BLM published a management plan for the field office that allowed leases of certain public lands or mineral estates within the office's planning area for the development of coal.  In 2018, the U.S. District Court for the District of Montana in Western Organization of Resource Councils v. Bureau of Land Management ordered the BLM to complete a new environmental impact statement (EIS) for the management plan under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, which requires an agency to include all reasonable alternatives to its action and the environmental impacts resulting from the action. Specifically, the court ordered the BLM to issue an EIS that considers an alternative of not leasing coal under the management plan as well as an alternative that limits the amount of coal potentially available for leasing. In response to the court order, the BLM published an amendment to the plan on November 27, 2024. The amended plan made no acres within the office's planning area available for future coal leasing in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, it allowed existing coal leases to be developed. (Sec. 80303) This section prohibits the BLM from implementing, administering, or enforcing its 2024 Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan Amendment for its Miles City Field Office in Montana. (Sec. 80304) This section prohibits the BLM from implementing, administering, or enforcing its 2025 Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan for North Dakota. (Sec. 80305) This section prohibits the BLM from implementing, administering, or enforcing its 2024 Records of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plans for its Colorado River Valley Field Office and Grand Junction Field Office in Colorado. (Sec. 80306) This section rescinds certain funding for the National Forest System, including funding for forest restoration, wildfire prevention, environmental reviews, the protection of protection of old-growth forests, and related activities. (Sec. 80307) This section rescinds certain funding for Interior to carry out certain projects concerning the conservation, protection, and resiliency of lands and resources administered by the National Park Service (NPS) and the BLM. (Sec. 80308) This section rescinds funding for certain conservation and ecosystem and habitat restoration projects on lands administered by the NPS and the BLM. (Sec. 80309) This section rescinds certain funding provided to the NPS for hiring more employees. (Sec. 80310) This section provides funding to Interior (1) to establish and maintain a statuary park named the National Garden of American Heroes; and (2) for events, celebrations, and activities related to the 250th anniversary of America’s founding. (Sec. 80311) This section directs the Forest Service to annually enter into at least one 20-year or longer contract or agreement with private persons or other entities for timber harvesting in each of its regions for FY2025-FY2034.  (Sec. 80312) This section directs the BLM to annually enter into at least one 20-year or longer contract or agreement with private persons or other entities to dispose of vegetative materials on certain federal lands for FY2025-FY2034.  (Sec. 80313) This section requires the Forest Service to direct timber harvests on certain public lands in amounts that (1) equal or exceed the volume that is 25% higher than the volume harvested during FY2024; and (2) are in accordance with the applicable forest plan. (Sec. 80314) This section requires the BLM to direct timber harvests on specified public lands in amounts that (1) equal or exceed the volume that is 25% higher than the volume harvested during FY2024; and (2) are in accordance with the applicable forest plan. (Sec. 80315) This section authorizes Interior to sell or exchange specified public land in Nevada to the City of Fernley, Clark County, Washoe County, and Pershing County.  (Sec. 80316) This section authorizes the sale of specified public land from the Department of Agriculture to Washoe County, Nevada. (Sec. 80317) This section authorizes the sale of approximately 11,450 acres of specified public land in Utah from the BLM to Beaver County, the City of St. George, Washington County, and Washington County Water Conservancy District. TITLE IX--COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM This title makes changes to the Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS). It also revises fees collected by the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) and revises the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program. (Sec. 90001) This section raises the required contribution rates for certain groups of individuals who entered FERS before January 1, 2014. (This applies to most federal employees, Members of Congress, and congressional staff.) Under this section, FERS employee contributions for those individuals first hired before 2013 increases from 0.8% to 4.4% of pay over two calendar years, beginning in January 2026. This same increase applies to Members and congressional staff first elected or hired before 2013, plus an additional 0.5%.  FERS employee contributions for those individuals first hired in 2013, including Members and congressional staff, increases from 3.1% to 4.4% of pay, also over two calendar years and beginning in January 2026. (Sec. 90002) This section eliminates the FERS annuity supplement for new retirees not yet entitled to it. (Under current law, certain FERS employees who retire before age 62 with certain years of service receive a supplement to their annuity, which ends when the retiree turns 62 or becomes eligible to receive Social Security benefits.) Employees who retire under a mandatory authority and employees who retire before enactment of this section continue to receive the annuity supplement. (Sec. 90003) This section changes the years of salary history used for calculating retirement benefits for FERS (and the now-closed Civil Service Retirement System) to be the average of the highest five consecutive years of basic pay (instead of the average of the highest three consecutive years), effective for new retirees beginning in January 2027. (This section does not apply to law enforcement officers and related personnel.) (Sec. 90004) This section requires most new federal civilian employees to choose either to serve as at-will employees or to contribute an additional 5% of their salary to FERS. Specifically, the section increases the contribution rate from 4.4% to 9.4% of pay for these employees (or from 4.9% to 9.9% for groups covered by enhanced retirement benefits) unless they elect to be employed on an at-will basis. Employees who elect to be employed on an at-will basis may be subject to adverse actions, including termination, without notice or the right to appeal the action.  (Sec. 90005) This section directs the MSPB to establish and collect a filing fee for employees, former employees, or applicants who file claims or appeals with the MSPB. This fee must be in the amount required for federal district court filings (currently, $350). If the individual is successful in their claim, the fee must be returned to that individual. The section provides an exception for actions brought by the Office of Special Counsel to the MSBP and for claims alleging retaliation against whistleblowers. (Sec. 90006) This section requires the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to issue regulations and implement a process to verify (1) the veracity of any qualifying life event through which an enrollee in the FEHB Program seeks to add a family member for coverage under the program; and (2) that, when an enrollee seeks to add a family member to the FEHB program, the individual added is a qualifying family member. The section also requires OPM, in coordination with employing offices, to conduct a comprehensive audit regarding family members enrolled in the FEHB program. In conducting this audit, OPM must review marriage certificates, birth certificates, and other appropriate documents to determine eligibility.  OPM must develop a process to disenroll or remove an individual who is not eligible to participate in the FEHB program and notify the OPM inspector general of such disenrollment or removal.   The section allows for some Employees Health Benefits Fund amounts to be available to OPM annually starting in FY2026 to develop, maintain, and conduct ongoing eligibility verification and oversight and oversight of the FEHB enrollment and eligibility systems. Other amounts shall be available for audit activities. For more information on this title, see CRS Report IF12996, House Oversight and Government Reform (HOGR) Reconciliation Committee Print Pursuant to H.Con.Res. 14 . TITLE X--COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE (Sec. 100001) This section provides the Coast Guard with specified funds for FY2025, to remain available through FY2029. This includes funds for fixed and rotary wing aircraft, long-range unmanned aircraft systems, Offshore Patrol Cutters, Fast Response Cutters, Polar Security Cutters, Arctic Security Cutters and domestic icebreakers, depot maintenance, and shoreside infrastructure. (Sec. 100002) This section authorizes the Coast Guard to place members of the Selected Reserve on active duty under certain circumstances for no more than 365 consecutive days. That time would count toward the reservists’ entitlement for benefits under the Post-9/11 Veterans' Educational Assistance Act of 2008, which is commonly referred to as the Post-9/11 GI Bill. (Sec. 100003) This section increases tonnage duties charged to vessels that enter U.S. ports. In general, the section would increase tonnage duty rates by 125% relative to rates under current law. (Sec. 100004) This section requires the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to impose annual federal registration fees on owners of electric and hybrid vehicles and provides funding for the FHWA to award grant to states for implementing systems for collecting the fees. States must collect a fee of $250 for electric vehicles and $100 for hybrid vehicles. The amounts must be adjusted annually for inflation. The fees terminate on October 1, 2035.  (Sec. 100005) This section requires the FHWA to transfer amounts collected from the new annual registration fees for electric and hybrid vehicles to the Highway Trust Fund. (Sec. 100006) This section provides specified funds to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to establish a public website to present data on motor carriers in order to indicate whether each motor carrier meets FMCSA operating requirements. The website must display specific statements to indicate whether the motor carrier does or does not meet FMCSA operating requirements.  FMCSA must assess an annual fee of $100 on each person seeking access to the website. A broker, freight forwarder, or household goods freight forwarder that uses the website to ensure that a motor carrier engaged by such broker, freight forwarder, or household goods freight forwarder meets FMCSA operating requirements shall be considered to have taken reasonable and prudent determinations in engaging such motor carrier. (Sec. 100007) This section rescinds the unobligated balances for the following activities and programs that were funded as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (Public Law 117–169): Alternative Fuel and Low-Emission Aviation Technology Program, which includes the Fueling Aviation’s Sustainable Transition (FAST), of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); Neighborhood Access and Equity Grant Program of the Federal Highway Administration; funding provided to the Federal Buildings Fund for the conversion of General Services Administration (GSA) facilities to high-performance green buildings; funding provided to the Federal Buildings Fund for acquiring and installing low-carbon materials and products in the construction of federal buildings; emerging and sustainable technology program of the GSA; Low Carbon Transportation Materials Grants Program of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA); and Environmental Review Implementation Funds of the FHWA. (Sec. 100008) This section provides the Federal Aviation Administration with specified funds for FY2025, to remain available through FY2029. This includes additional funding for air traffic control tower and terminal radar approach control facility replacement; radar systems replacement; telecommunications infrastructure and systems replacement; runway safety projects and airport surface surveillance projects; and air traffic controller recruitment, retention, training, and advanced training technologies. The FAA must submit a report to Congress every 90 days on these expenditures. (Sec. 100009) This section provides specified funds for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. This includes funding for (1) expenses for the capital repair and restoration of the building and site; (2) the operation, maintenance, and security of the center; and (3) administrative expenses. TITLE XI--COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS, ‘‘THE ONE, BIG, BEAUTIFUL BILL’’ Subtitle A--Make American Families and Workers Thrive Again Part 1--Permanently Preventing Tax Hikes on American Families and Workers This part makes permanent multiple individual federal tax provisions enacted in 2017 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Below are some examples of provisions in this part. (Sec. 110001) This section makes permanent the individual tax rates of 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%. (Sec. 110002) This section makes permanent the increased standard deduction and provides an additional increase in the standard deduction in the amount of $1,000 (or $2,000 for joint filers and $1,500 for head of household) through 2028. (Sec. 110003) This section permanently repeals the allowance of a deduction for personal exemptions. (Sec. 110004) This section makes multiple changes to the child tax credit. (Sec. 110005) This section extends and increases to 23% (from 20%) the tax deduction for qualified business income. (Sec. 110006) This section increases the base estate tax, gift tax, and generation-skipping transfer tax exemption amount to $15 million (from $5 million), adjusted for inflation. (Sec. 110007) This section makes permanent the increased alternative minimum tax exemption amount and phaseout threshold (applicable to individuals, trusts, and estates). (Sec. 110010) This section eliminates the itemized tax deduction for miscellaneous expenses. (Sec. 110011) This section limits itemized tax deductions to 2/37 of the lesser of (1) the total amount of itemized tax deductions (calculated without regard to such limitation), or (2) the amount of a taxpayer’s taxable income that exceeds the threshold for the 37% rate bracket. For additional information see CRS Report R47846, Reference Table: Expiring Provisions in the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" (TCJA, P.L. 115-97) CRS Report R48485, Economic Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act CRS Report R48286, Expiring Provisions of P.L. 115-97 (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act): Economic Issues Part 2--Additional Tax Relief for American Families and Workers This part establishes multiple new above-the-line tax deductions and makes other changes to individual-related federal tax provisions. (Above-the-line deductions are subtracted from gross income to calculate adjusted gross income.)  Below are some examples of provisions in this part. (Sec. 110101) This section establishes a new above-the-line tax deduction, through 2028, for qualified tip income for individuals whose earned income does not exceed a certain amount ($160,000 in 2025 and adjusted annually for inflation). (Sec. 110102) This section establishes a new above-the-line tax deduction, through 2028, for qualified overtime income for individuals whose earned income does not exceed a certain amount ($160,000 in 2025 and adjusted annually for inflation). (Sec. 110104) This section establishes a new above-the-line tax deduction of up to $10,000 for interest paid on indebtedness incurred in 2025 (through 2028) to buy a passenger vehicle (for personal use). The tax deduction phases out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income that exceeds $100,000 (or $200,000 for joint filers). (Sec. 110110) This section expands the expenses eligible for tax-free withdrawals from qualified tuition programs (529 plans) to include certain additional expenses related to elementary, secondary, or homeschool education.   (Sec. 110111) This section expands the expenses eligible for tax-free withdrawals from 529 plans to include tuition, fees, books, supplies, equipment, and other expenses related to the enrollment or attendance in a recognized postsecondary credentialing program. (Sec. 110112) This section establishes a tax deduction of up to $150 (or $300 for joint filers) for charitable contributions by taxpayers who do not itemize their tax deductions. (Sec. 110115)  This section establishes a new type of tax-advantaged account, called Money Accounts for Growth and Advancement (MAGA) accounts, for individuals under eight years old. Up to $5,000 per year (adjusted for inflation) may be contributed to a MAGA account (not including certain rollovers) and distributions may be used for certain education-related expenses, small business expenses, and to buy a first-time home. (Some limitations apply). (Sec. 110116) This section authorizes a one-time federal government deposit of $1,000 into a MAGA account for individuals born between 2025 and 2029 who meet certain other requirements. For more information see CRS In Focus IF12728, Taxation of Tip Income CRS Report R42807, Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to 529 Plans Part 3--Investing in the Health of American Families and Workers This part modifies certain health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) rules, increases health savings account (HSA) contribution limits, expands HSA eligibility requirements, and makes other changes to HSAs and high-deductible health plans (HDHP). Below are some examples of provisions in this part. (Sec. 110201) This section provides statutory authority for employers to contribute to an individual coverage HRA, subject to certain limitations and requirements and renames such arrangements as Custom Health Option and Individual Care Expense (or CHOICE) arrangements. (Sec. 110202) This section allows employees enrolled in a CHOICE arrangement to use a cafeteria plan (e.g., flexible spending account) to purchase individual health insurance through a health insurance exchange. (Sec. 110203) This section establishes a new tax credit (as part of the general business tax credit) for certain small businesses whose employees are enrolled in a CHOICE arrangement. The amount of the tax credit is $100 (adjusted annually for inflation) per month per employee for the first year of enrollment in a CHOICE arrangement and, then, half such amount per month per employee for the second year of enrollment.  (Sec. 110204) This section expands eligibility to make tax-deductible HSA contributions to include individuals who are 65 years or older and are enrolled in Medicare Part A.  (Sec. 110205) This section expands eligibility to make tax-deductible HSA contributions to include individuals who have a direct primary care service arrangement with a fixed period fee that does not exceed $150 a month (adjusted annually for inflation). Some limitations apply. (Sec. 110206) This section expands eligibility to make tax-deductible HSA contributions to include individuals who have a bronze-level or catastrophic health insurance plan through a health insurance exchange. (Sec. 110207) This section provides statutory authority for individuals to contribute to an HSA while also accessing some types of health care at an employer-sponsored clinic on the employer’s premises or at a health care facility operated by an employer for the benefit of employees. (Sec. 110209) This section allows married individuals who are 55 years or older to make catch-up contributions to the same HSA. (Some limitations apply.) (Sec. 110210) This section allows individuals to rollover amounts in a flexible spending arrangement (FSA) or HRA into an HSA. (Some limitations apply.) (Sec. 110211) This section excludes from taxable income any distributions from an HSA used to pay qualified medical expenses incurred before the HSA is established if the HSA is established within 60 days from the first day of coverage under an HDHP. (Sec. 110212) This section  allows an individual to contribute to an HSA, even if covered by a spouse’s FSA. (Some limitations apply.) (Sec. 110213) This section increases HSA contribution limits by $4,300 for individuals with self-only coverage and by $8,550 for individual with family coverage, adjusted annually for inflation. The increase in HSA contributions begins to phase out for individuals with an adjusted gross income exceeding $75,000 (or $150,000 for joint filers). (Some limitations apply.) For more information see CRS Report R45277, Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) Subtitle B--Make Rural America and Main Street Grow Again Part 1--Extension of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Reforms for Rural America and Main Street This part makes a number of changes to business-related federal tax provisions. Below are some examples of provisions in this part.  (Sec. 111001) This section extends bonus depreciation for qualified property acquired and placed into service after January 19, 2025, and before January 1, 2030 (and before January 1, 2031, for some types of property with longer production periods). (Sec. 111002) This section temporarily suspends (through 2029) the amortization (over five years) of domestic research and experimental expenses and allows such expenses to be deducted or capitalized. (Some limitations apply.) (Sec. 111003) This section expands the exclusion of interest on floor plan financing from the limit on the tax deduction for business interest expenses to include interest on floor plan financing of any camper or trailer designed to (1) provide temporary living quarters for recreational, camping, or seasonal use; and (2) be towed by, or affixed to, a motor vehicle. (Sec. 111004)  This section increases the foreign-derived intangible income tax deduction to 37.5% (from 21.875%) and increases the deduction for global intangible low-taxed income to 50% (from 37.5%).  (Sec. 111005) This section reduces the base erosion rate to 10% (from 12.5%). For additional information see CRS Report R47846, Reference Table: Expiring Provisions in the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" (TCJA, P.L. 115-97) CRS Report R48485, Economic Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act CRS Report R48286, Expiring Provisions of P.L. 115-97 (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act): Economic Issues CRS Report RL31852, The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues Part 2--Additional Tax Relief for Rural America and Main Street This part makes a number of changes to business-related federal tax provisions. Below are some examples of provisions in this part.  (Sec. 111101) This section provides for an elective 100% depreciation allowance for nonresidential real property that meets certain requirements. (Some limitations apply.) (Sec. 111102) This section extends the Opportunity Zone program to allow for the designation of additional qualified opportunity zones. It also modifies the definition of low-income community and other requirements for the program.  (Sec. 111103) This section increases to $2.5 million (from $1.25 million in 2025 and adjusted annually for inflation) the maximum amount that may be deducted (expensed) for certain depreciable business assets. This section also increases to $4 million (from $3.13 million in 2025 and adjusted annually for inflation) the dollar amount at which the tax deduction begins to phase out. Both amounts continue to be annually adjusted for inflation.  (Sec. 111106) This section repeals the 10% excise tax on tanning services.  Subtitle C--Make America Win Again Part 1--Working Families Over Elites This part modifies, phases out, and terminates multiple energy-related federal tax credits. This part also modifies the federal tax deduction for state and local taxes and the excise tax imposed on the net investment income of certain organizations. Below are some examples of provisions in this part.  (Sec. 112001) This section terminates the previously-owned clean vehicle tax credit.  (Sec. 112002) This section terminates the clean vehicle tax credit.  (Sec. 112003) This section terminates the qualified commercial clean vehicle tax credit.  (Sec. 112004) This section terminates the alternative fuel refueling property tax credit.  (Sec. 112005) This section terminates the energy efficient home improvement tax credit.  (Sec. 112006) This section  terminates the residential clean energy tax credit. (Sec. 112007) This section terminates the new energy efficient home tax credit. (Sec. 112008) This section modifies and phases out the clean electricity production tax credit. (Sec. 112009) This section modifies and phases out the clean electricity investment tax credit. (Sec. 112012) This section modifies and phases out the zero-emission nuclear power production tax credit. (Sec. 112013) This section terminates the clean hydrogen production tax credit. (Sec. 112014)  This section modifies and phases out the advance manufacturing production tax credit. (Sec. 112015) This section modifies and phases out the investment tax credit for qualified energy property (e.g., solar, fuel cell, geothermal, biogas, and microgrid controller property). (Sec. 112018) This section increases the limitation on the federal tax deduction for state and local taxes (commonly known as the SALT deduction cap) to $30,000 (or $15,000 for married individuals filing separately). Under this section, the SALT deduction cap is reduced for taxpayers with an adjusted gross income over $400,000 (or $200,000 for married individuals filing separately, but not below $10,000 (or $5,000 for married individuals filing separately). (Sec. 112021) This section  replaces the excise tax of 1.4% imposed on the net investment income of certain private university and college endowments with a new rate structure of 1.4%, 7%, 14%, or 21%, depending on several variables including the value of the endowment and the number of full-time students who meet certain other requirements. For more information see CRS Report R46865, Energy Tax Provisions: Overview and Budgetary Cost CRS Report R46246, The SALT Cap: Overview and Analysis CRS Report R44293, College and University Endowments: Overview and Tax Policy Options Part 2--Removing Taxpayer Benefits for Illegal Immigrants This part modifies eligibility requirements for the premium tax credit and certain other tax credits. This part also imposes an excise tax on certain remittance transfers. Below are some examples of provisions in this part.  (Sec. 112101) This section  allows lawfully-present aliens to claim the premium tax credit to purchase health insurance on an exchange only if they meet certain requirements (subject to exceptions provided in Sec. 112102). (Sec. 112102) This section provides that a lawfully-present alien is eligible for the premium tax credit only if such individual is not (and is reasonably expected not to be for the entire period of enrollment in an exchange health care plan) granted (1) an application for asylum (or with a pending application for asylum), (2) parole, (3) temporary protected status, (4) deferred action or deferred enforced departure, or (5) withholding of removal. (Sec. 112103)  This section repeals the rule that allows certain lawfully-present aliens who have a household income of less than 100% of the federal poverty level and are ineligible for Medicaid (based on the individual’s alien status) to claim the premium tax credit.  (Sec. 112105) This section establishes a 5% excise tax on transfers of payments from one country to another (also known as remittance transfers). (Some exceptions apply). (Sec. 112106) This section requires a Social Security number to be eligible for the American Opportunity and Lifetime Learning tax credits. For more information see CRS Report R44425, Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions CRS Report R48290, Enhanced Premium Tax Credit Expiration: Frequently Asked Questions Part 3--Prevent Fraud, Waste, and Abuse This part modifies multiple federal tax administrative and penalty provisions.  Below are some examples of provisions in this part.  (Sec. 112205) This section increases the penalty for aiding and abetting the understatement of tax liability with respect to the employee retention tax credit (ERTC) by a COVID-ERTC promoter and makes certain other changes related to the ERTC. (Sec. 112206) This section establishes a new certification program for claiming the earned income tax credit. (Sec. 112207) This section directs the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to terminate the Direct File program. (Sec. 112209) This section extends the IRS’s authority to terminate the tax-exempt status of terrorist organizations to terrorist-supporting organizations. (Sec. 112210) This section increases the penalties for the unauthorized disclosure of taxpayer information. For more information see CRS Report R43805, The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It Subtitle D--Increase in Debt Limit (Sec. 113001) This section increases the statutory debt limit by $4 trillion. (The debt limit is the amount of money that the Department of the Treasury may borrow to fund federal operations.)  

FAA REAUTHORIZATION ONE YEAR LATER: AVIATION SAFETY, AIR TRAFFIC AND NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

United States · United States Senate · 14 May 2025

Supersonic Aviation Modernization Act

United States · United States Congress · 14 May 2025

Supersonic Aviation Modernization Act This bill directs the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to allow civil aircraft to operate at speeds above Mach 1 (i.e., supersonic) over land in the United States under certain conditions. Specifically, the FAA must issue or revise regulations to allow for the operation of civil aircraft at speeds greater than Mach 1 in the national airspace system without a special authorization, so long as no sonic boom reaches the ground in the United States. Current regulations prohibit civil aircraft from operating above Mach 1 speeds over land in the United States without a special flight authorization issued by the FAA.

Supersonic Aviation Modernization Act

United States · United States Congress · 14 May 2025

Supersonic Aviation Modernization Act This bill directs the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to allow civil aircraft to operate at speeds above Mach 1 (i.e., supersonic) over land in the United States under certain conditions.  Specifically, the FAA must issue or revise regulations to allow for the operation of civil aircraft at speeds greater than Mach 1 in the national airspace system without a special authorization, so long as no sonic boom reaches the ground in the United States. The FAA must also issue a final rule to establish noise standards that prohibit civil aircraft operating at speeds greater than Mach 1 from exceeding takeoff and landing noise levels required for subsonic aircraft (i.e., aircraft that operate at speeds that do not exceed Mach 1). As part of the rule, the FAA must specify a process to periodically review and update the noise standards to reflect future advances in aircraft noise reduction technology and regulatory changes. Current regulations prohibit civil aircraft from operating above Mach 1 speeds over land in the United States without a special flight authorization issued by the FAA.

Air Traffic Control Workforce Development Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 8 May 2025

Air Traffic Control Workforce Development Act of 2025 This bill expands and modifies Air Traffic Control (ATC) workforce training and programs. The bill provides statutory authority for the Enhanced Air Traffic-Collegiate Training Initiative (AT-CTI) program. As background, standard AT-CTI institutions of higher education offer nonengineering aviation degrees that teach basic courses in ATC and aviation administration, and graduates complete training at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy. Students at Enhanced AT-CTI schools are provided with equivalent FAA Academy ATC training and may be placed directly into an ATC facility. The bill establishes a grant program for schools participating in the Enhanced AT-CTI program and provides for a faculty annuity supplement for ATC instructors at participating institution of higher education. The FAA must convene an aviation rulemaking committee to review and provide recommendations on the (1) curricula of the FAA Academy, AT-CTI program, and Enhanced AT-CTI program; and (2) Air Traffic Skills Assessment exam. Based on the committee's recommendations, the FAA must initiate a rulemaking or make policy and guidance updates, with an exception. The bill authorizes funding through FY2031 for the procurement and placement at ATC facilities of Tower Simulator Systems, which are used to train air traffic controllers on airport tower operations. The bill also requires DOT to establish ATC recruitment and retention incentive programs, the FAA to support the development of mental health services training related to conditions for ATCs, and the FAA to submit a report to Congress on the status of the Airspace Non-cooperative Surveillance Radar program.

Certainty for Our Energy Future Act

United States · United States Congress · 8 May 2025

Certainty for Our Energy Future Act This bill terminates federal tax credits for certain investments in and the production of electricity using wind and solar energy. The bill also prohibits certain entities connected with China, Russia, Iran, or North Korea from claiming various energy-related federal tax incentives. The bill terminates the federal clean electricity investment tax credit and the federal clean electricity production tax credit for investments in and electricity produced by a facility (1) used to generate electricity using wind or solar energy, and (2) for which construction begins after 2030.  The bill also prohibits an entity that is created or organized under the laws of or controlled by the government of China, Russia, Iran, or North Korea, or an entity controlled by one or more of such entities, from claiming the federal tax credits for alternative fuel vehicle refueling property, second-generation biofuel, biodiesel fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable electricity production, carbon sequestration, zero-emission nuclear power production, clean hydrogen production, clean commercial vehicles, advanced manufacturing production, clean electricity production, clean fuel production, investments in energy property, advanced energy projects, clean electricity investment, biodiesel mixtures, alternative fuel, or alternative fuel mixtures. Further, such entities are prohibited from claiming the federal tax deduction for energy efficient improvements to commercial buildings. Finally, such entities are not entitled to a credit or refund of federal excise taxes paid on biodiesel, alternative fuel, or sustainable aviation fuel mixtures produced by the entities.

AVIATE Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 6 May 2025

Authorizing Vocational and Instructional Aviation Training for Eligible Veterans Act of 2025 or the AVIATE Act of 2025 This bill authorizes the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to approve nondegree flight training courses for certain veterans with service-connected disabilities as part of the VA’s vocational rehabilitation programs under the Veteran Readiness and Employment (VR&E) program. Generally, the VR&E program provides job training and other employment-related services to veterans with service-connected disabilities, including long-term employment training courses.

DEFENSE Act

United States · United States Congress · 6 May 2025

Disabling Enemy Flight Entry and Neutralizing Suspect Equipment Act or the DEFENSE Act This bill allows the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) or the Department of Justice (DOJ) to deputize state or local law enforcement officers to take certain drone countermeasures to protect stadiums and other public gatherings. Specifically, DHS or DOJ may provide state or local law enforcement officers with the authority to identify, monitor, and track drones; warn drone operators; disrupt or take control of drones; or use reasonable force to disable, damage, and seize or destroy drones deemed to pose a threat. This authority applies for the purposes of protecting an event, stadium, or venue; certain large public gatherings (e.g., gatherings that are primarily outdoors with an estimated attendance of at least 100,000 people); or other public gatherings protected by specific temporary flight restrictions imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Prior to being deputized, a state or local law enforcement officer must complete training in the use of the drone countermeasure authority. DHS or DOJ, in coordination with the Department of Transportation and the FAA, must exercise oversight over the use of this authority by deputized state or local law enforcement officers. Finally, the bill limits the equipment authorized for detecting, identifying, monitoring, or tracking drones to systems or technologies that are included on a list of authorized equipment maintained by DHS, in coordination with DOJ, the FAA, the Federal Communications Commission, and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration.

Aviation Workforce Development Act

United States · United States Congress · 5 May 2025

Improving Helicopter Safety Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 5 May 2025

Improving Helicopter Safety Act of 2025 This bill generally prohibits the operation of a civil helicopter within a 20-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in New York, New York. The bill includes an exception for flights carried out for the purposes of (1) public health and safety (e.g., for law enforcement or the provision of medical services), or (2) heavy-lift operations in support of construction and infrastructure maintenance. The Federal Aviation Administration must issue or update regulations to carry out the requirements of this bill.

Expanding Regional Airports Act

United States · United States Congress · 29 April 2025

Expanding Regional Airports Act This bill directs the Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish a grant program for general aviation and nonprimary commercial service airports to improve passenger and flight capacity. Grants may be used for (1) activities that improve passenger and flight capacity at the airport, including the expansion of passenger and property screening facilities, runway lengthening, construction of hangars and associated infrastructure, and improving passenger facilities; and (2) costs incurred to comply with certain operational and security requirements. DOT must provide 3 to 10 grants per fiscal year to eligible airports (i.e., general aviation or nonprimary commercial service airports that serve a community with a population of at least 75,000).

Combating Trafficking in Transportation Act

United States · United States Congress · 10 April 2025

Combating Trafficking in Transportation Act This bill allows specific Department of Transportation (DOT) grants to be used for the installation of human trafficking awareness signs at rest stops and expands the DOT Advisory Committee on Human Trafficking. Specifically, grants for projects under the Surface Transportation Block Grant Program and the Local and Regional Project Assistance Program may be used for a project to procure and install human trafficking awareness signs at rest stops and welcome centers along the Interstate Highway System. The Local and Regional Project Assistance Program is also known as Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability and Equity (RAISE). RAISE grants support multimodal projects for state, local, and tribal governments. In addition, the bill expands the membership for the DOT Advisory Committee on Human Trafficking to not more than 16 external stakeholder members (from 15) and requires the committee to include a representative from state departments of transportation. Current membership on the committee must include representatives from trafficking advocacy organizations; law enforcement; and trucking, bus, rail, aviation, maritime, and port sectors.

Protecting Outdoor Concerts Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 10 April 2025

Protecting Outdoor Concerts Act of 2025 This bill requires the Federal Aviation Administration to issue or revise regulations to provide for temporary flight restrictions in the vicinity of an outdoor concert or music festival that has a daily attendance of 30,000 people or more. This requirement applies to manned aircraft and unmanned aircraft (i.e., drones).  

Aviation Medication Transparency Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 2 April 2025

Aviation Medication Transparency Act of 2025 This bill directs the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to compile, publish, and annually update a list of medications that may be safely prescribed to pilots and air traffic controllers for the purposes of issuing a medical certification. The list must be publicly available on the FAA website and distributed to those seeking a license and medical certification. Currently, the FAA does not have a list of approved medications. However, the FAA does have lists for Aviation Medical Examiners of Do Not Issue medications and Do Not Fly medications.

Mental Health in Aviation Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 2 April 2025

Mental Health in Aviation Act of 2025 This bill requires the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to review and update its regulations and policies on mental health for pilots and air traffic controllers. The FAA must update regulations and take any other actions necessary to implement the recommendations of (1) the Aviation Workforce Mental Health Task Group, and (2) the Mental Health and Aviation Medical Clearances Aviation Rulemaking Committee (the ARC). The FAA must also annually review and update, as appropriate, the applicable regulations and policies on mental health-related special issuance for pilots and air traffic controllers. As background, an Authorization for Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate is a discretionary document from the FAA which allows an airman with a disqualifying medical condition to fly under a restricted medical certificate. Among other things, the review and update must reclassify and approve additional medications that may be safely prescribed to airmen to treat mental health conditions, delegate additional authority to aviation medical examiners (AMEs) consistent with the ARC recommendations, and improve the special issuance process for pilots and air traffic controllers.  The bill authorizes the FAA to take actions to recruit and train additional AMEs. The bill also authorizes an FAA public information campaign or education efforts to (1) destigmatize individuals in (or interested in joining) the aviation industry who seek mental health care, (2) broaden awareness of available supportive services, and (3) establish trust with pilots and air traffic controllers.

SHIELD U Act

United States · United States Congress · 2 April 2025

Stopping Harmful Incidents to Enforce Lawful Drone Use Act or the SHIELD U Act This bill authorizes and expands counter-drone activities by state, local, and airport law enforcement, and federal agencies. Specifically, the bill authorizes the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and state, local, and airport law enforcement to carry out Counter-Unmanned Aircraft System (Counter-UAS) activities on commercial service airport property to detect, identify, and mitigate threats posed by unmanned aircraft (i.e., drones). Further, the bill authorizes state and local law enforcement to carry out Counter-UAS activities off commercial airport property; the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) must establish a process that allows for collaboration and coordination with these entities. In addition, each commercial airport must convene a task force to establish or modify the airport's tactical response plan for drone threats. The FAA and Transportation Security Administration must also publish (and update annually) best practices guidance on Counter-UAS activities at commercial service airports. The bill also allows DHS and the Departments of Defense, Justice, and Energy to contract with other entities to carry out authorized Counter-UAS activities. Further, the bill amends restrictions on the use of radio frequency jamming technology to allow state, local, and airport law enforcement to use the technology to detect, identify, or mitigate a drone threat. Finally, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers must develop and implement training curricula on the use of Counter-UAS activities. The training must be available to state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement, as well as private sector security agencies.

Drone Integration and Zoning Act

United States · United States Congress · 2 April 2025

Drone Integration and Zoning Act This bill requires the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to prescribe regulations or standards related to unmanned aircraft systems (i.e., drones) and allow limited state and local regulation of drones. The FAA must designate the area between 200 feet and 400 feet above ground level for use by (1) civil drones, and (2) commercial and recreational drones. The bill prohibits the FAA from authorizing the operation of civil drones within 200 feet above ground level above private property without the property owner's permission. For structures above this level, the FAA may not authorize civil drone operations (1) within 50 feet of the top of the structure, or (2) within 200 feet laterally or inside the property line, whichever is closer to the structure, with exceptions. Further, the bill specifies that the FAA must preserve state, local, and tribal authority to issue reasonable restrictions on the time, manner, and place of operation of drones below 200 feet above ground level. The bill includes additional exceptions to federal preemption requirements allowing for these entities to regulate specific drone activities. The FAA must also establish a process for the designation of authorized commercial routes , which must be at least 200 feet above ground level. The Department of Transportation must also establish a process for state, local, and tribal authorities to apply for a designation of complex airspace . This designation for an area allows the FAA to assign these entities with designated responsibilities for the management of drone operations.

Aviation Education Remaining Operational Act

United States · United States Congress · 1 April 2025

Aviation Education Remaining Operational Act or the AERO Act This bill directs the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to continue FAA Academy operations in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, including air traffic controller training, during a lapse in FAA appropriations that results in a government shutdown or an emergency furlough. If such a lapse in FAA appropriations occurs, the bill also exempts from furlough (1) all FAA employees providing services at the academy, and (2) students who are completing training at the academy and are FAA employees. This exemption requires the employees to continue working during a government shutdown. 

Abolish TSA Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 27 March 2025

Abolish TSA Act of 2025 This bill abolishes the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in three years and directs the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to develop a reorganization plan for the TSA, which is subject to congressional approval. DHS must submit a reorganization plan for the TSA to Congress within 90 days of the bill's enactment. The reorganization plan must include the establishment of the Office of Aviation Security Oversight within the Federal Aviation Administration; the rapid transfer of all aviation security activities and equipment to qualified private screening companies; any necessary changes to TSA's Screening Partnership Program, which currently allows commercial airports to use private screening companies for airport screening services; proportional reductions of operations and personnel until the transfer is complete; and the transfer to the Department of Transportation of TSA functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities related to surface transportation (e.g., activities relating to mass transit and freight rail). The bill specifies that no employee of the new office shall conduct airport screening services. Further, the plan may not include any agency requirement or regulation compelling private contractors conducting airport security screening services to conduct warrantless searches and seizures. DHS must submit a progress report to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and Congress within 60 days of the bill's enactment and every 30 days thereafter. The GAO must submit a report to Congress every 180 days detailing DHS's compliance with this bill. In addition, the bill establishes a congressional review and approval process for the reorganization plan.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sexual Harassment and Assault Prevention Improvements Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 27 March 2025

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sexual Harassment and Assault Prevention Improvements Act of 2025 This bill expands requirements for addressing sexual harassment and sexual assault involving personnel of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The bill specifies that NOAA's sexual harassment prevention and response policy applies to personnel such as observers, at-sea monitors, and voting members and staff of regional fishery management councils. The bill removes the requirement that certain acts, such as assault, intimidation, and sexual harassment of an observer or a data collector, be forcible in nature to be unlawful. The bill also requires NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations to establish a policy for reporting to the Coast Guard the names of NOAA personnel involved in a sexual harassment or sexual assault claim. Specifically, such reports must identify employees or contractors who are the subject of such claim, the time and date of the incident, and the location of the vessel when the incident occurred. The bill prohibits a person convicted of certain sexual offenses from enlisting with or being commissioned by NOAA. Additionally, the bill directs NOAA to update its policies to develop a restricted reporting system that allows employees and other personnel to confidentially report sexual harassment or assault and receive services without triggering an investigation. Finally, the bill also expands reporting requirements on sexual harassment, sexual assault, and equal employment.

Don't Cut FAA Workers Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 27 March 2025

Don't Cut FAA Workers Act of 2025 This bill prohibits the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) from carrying out a mass layoff within one year of a major aviation accident (i.e., an aircraft accident in which a fatal aviation injury occurs), unless the FAA receives congressional approval.  Specifically, the FAA must notify Congress of plans to carry out or facilitate a mass layoff following a major aviation accident. The notification must include the number and type of employees proposed to be laid off. The FAA may only carry out the layoff if Congress enacts a joint resolution approving the proposal no later than 60 days after receiving the notification. Under the bill, a  mass layoff means a reduction in force or other termination of employment that results in a personnel loss during any 90-day period of (1) 10 or more FAA employees at a single employment site; or (2) 250 or more FAA employees, irrespective of the employment site.

Airmen Certificate Accessibility Act

United States · United States Congress · 21 March 2025

Pilot Certificate Accessibility Act This bill allows a pilot to present a digital copy of certain certificates (e.g., an airman certificate or a medical certificate) when required to present such documentation by a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector. Under current FAA regulations, a pilot must present for inspection a physical copy of an airman certificate and other paperwork upon a request from the FAA; a federal, state, or local law enforcement officer; or an authorized representative of the Transportation Security Administration or the National Transportation Safety Board. This bill allows a pilot to present a certificate such as an airman certificate or a medical certificate to an FAA inspector as (1) a physical, original copy; or (2) a digital copy stored on an electronic device or cloud storage platform. The FAA must update current regulations to implement this change.

Aviation Funding Stability Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 13 March 2025

Aviation Funding Stability Act of 2025 This bill provides continuing appropriations to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) if (1) an appropriations bill for the FAA has not been enacted before a fiscal year begins, or (2) a joint resolution making continuing appropriations for the FAA is not in effect. Specifically, the bill provides appropriations from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund at the rate of operations that was provided for the prior fiscal year to continue programs, projects, and activities for which funds were provided in the preceding fiscal year.

Defense Against Drones Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 6 March 2025

Defense Against Drones Act of 2025 This bill allows an individual to shoot an unmanned aircraft (i.e., drone) using a legally obtained shotgun if the individual reasonably believes the drone is flying not more than 200 feet above the individual's property. This is subject to applicable state law on the discharge of a firearm. Not later than 60 days after an event in which an individual shoots a drone and is able to identify its registration number, the individual must report the event's location and the registration number to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). An individual may, but shall not be required to, return the drone to the owner at the owner's request. The FAA must issue such regulations as are necessary to carry out this bill.

Aviation Workforce Development Act

United States · United States Congress · 3 March 2025

Farm to Fly Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 27 February 2025

Farm to Fly Act of 2025 This bill directs the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to integrate the advancement of sustainable aviation fuels into its programs. Specifically, this bill includes sustainable aviation fuel as an advanced biofuel for the purposes of several USDA bioenergy programs that primarily provide support and incentives for renewable energy projects. For purposes of these programs, the bill defines sustainable aviation fuel as liquid fuel, the portion of which is not kerosene, which (1) meets specific international standards, (2) is not derived from coprocessing specific materials (e.g., triglycerides) with a non-biomass feedstock, (3) is not derived from palm fatty acid distillates or petroleum, and (4) is certified as having a lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions reduction percentage of at least 50% compared with petroleum-based jet fuel (based on specific standards and agreements). In addition, the bill specifically includes fostering and advancing sustainable aviation fuels as part of the Biorefinery, Renewable Chemical, and Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program. Further, USDA must carry out a comprehensive and integrated pursuit of all USDA mission areas for the advancement of sustainable aviation fuels, including through the identification of opportunities to maximize the development and commercialization of the fuels, supporting rural economic development through improved sustainability for aviation, and advancing public-private partnerships.

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Act

United States · United States Congress · 26 February 2025

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Act This bill establishes requirements for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from airplane flights. It also provides incentives for the production and use of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), an alternative to conventional airplane fuel that is derived from a sustainable feedstock, meets certain aviation standards, and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The bill establishes a national goal to reach net zero GHG emissions from flights by 2050. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must establish a low carbon fuel standard for aviation fuels. Under the standard, the EPA must set annual targets to reduce certain GHG emissions associated with aviation fuel by at least 20% by 2030 and 50% by 2050, as compared to 2005. Beginning in FY2026, the Department of Defense must make a bulk purchase of an amount of SAF that is no less than 10% of the total amount of aviation fuel procured for operational purposes under certain circumstances. Additionally, the bill reauthorizes through FY2030 a grant program of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for certain projects concerning SAF or low-emission aviation technology. The bill (1) extends the clean fuel production tax credit for SAF through 2032, and (2) expands an energy investment tax credit to include SAF production property. The bill also expands an FAA research program to include SAF and related topics. Finally, the bill directs the Department of Energy to research the use of crops grown for conservation purposes rather than for sale in the production of SAF.

Air Traffic Control Workforce Development Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 24 February 2025

Air Traffic Control Workforce Development Act of 2025 This bill expands and modifies Air Traffic Control (ATC) workforce training and programs. The bill provides statutory authority for the Enhanced Air Traffic-Collegiate Training Initiative (AT-CTI) program. As background, standard AT-CTI institutions of higher education offer nonengineering aviation degrees that teach basic courses in ATC and aviation administration, and graduates complete training at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy. Students at Enhanced AT-CTI schools are provided with equivalent FAA Academy ATC training and may be placed directly into an ATC facility. The bill establishes a grant program for schools participating in the Enhanced AT-CTI program and provides for a faculty annuity supplement for ATC instructors at participating institution of higher education. The FAA must convene an aviation rulemaking committee to review and provide recommendations on the (1) curricula of the FAA Academy, AT-CTI program, and Enhanced AT-CTI program; and (2) Air Traffic Skills Assessment exam. Based on the committee's recommendations, the FAA must initiate a rulemaking or make policy and guidance updates, with an exception. The bill authorizes funding through FY2031 for the procurement and placement at ATC facilities of Tower Simulator Systems, which are used to train air traffic controllers on airport tower operations. The bill also requires DOT to establish ATC recruitment and retention incentive programs, the FAA to support the development of mental health services training related to conditions for ATCs, and the FAA to submit a report to Congress on the status of the Airspace Non-cooperative Surveillance Radar program.

Expressing support for the designation of February 16, 2025, as "International Black Aviation Professionals Day".

United States · United States Congress · 21 February 2025

This resolution expresses support for the designation of International Black Aviation Professionals Day. It also encourages the observation of the day through recognition and celebration of the contributions of Black aviation professionals.

Air Traffic Noise and Pollution Expert Consensus Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 21 February 2025

Air Traffic Noise and Pollution Expert Consensus Act of 2025 This bill requires the Federal Aviation Administration to enter into an arrangement with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to examine and report on the various health impacts of air traffic noise and pollution.

DEFENSE Act

United States · United States Congress · 20 February 2025

Disabling Enemy Flight Entry and Neutralizing Suspect Equipment Act or the DEFENSE Act This bill allows the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) or the Department of Justice (DOJ) to deputize state or local law enforcement officers to take certain drone countermeasures to protect stadiums and other public gatherings. Specifically, DHS or DOJ may provide state or local law enforcement officers with the authority to identify, monitor, and track drones; warn drone operators; disrupt or take control of drones; or use reasonable force to disable, damage, and seize or destroy drones deemed to pose a threat. This authority applies for the purposes of protecting an event, stadium, or venue; certain large public gatherings (e.g., gatherings that are primarily outdoors with an estimated attendance of at least 100,000 people); or other public gatherings protected by specific temporary flight restrictions imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Prior to being deputized, a state or local law enforcement officer must complete training in the use of the drone countermeasure authority. DHS or DOJ, in coordination with the Department of Transportation and the FAA, must exercise oversight over the use of this authority by deputized state or local law enforcement officers. Finally, the bill limits the equipment authorized for detecting, identifying, monitoring, or tracking drones to systems or technologies that are included on a list of authorized equipment maintained by DHS, in coordination with DOJ, the FAA, the Federal Communications Commission, and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration.

A resolution honoring the memory of the victims of the tragic mid-air collision between American Airlines Flight 5342 and United States Army Aviation Brigade Priority Air Transport 25 on January 29, 2025.

United States · United States Congress · 6 February 2025

This resolution commemorates the 67 lives lost in the collision of American Eagle Flight 5342 and the U.S. Army helicopter flying under the call sign PAT 25 near Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport on January 29, 2025. The resolution also expresses gratitude to the law enforcement and emergency medical personnel who responded to the collision.

Calling on Federal law enforcement, led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Federal Aviation Administration, to provide an immediate briefing to the public regarding the recent drone activity in New Jersey and New York.

United States · United States Congress · 6 February 2025

Streamlining Aviation for Eligible Veterans Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 4 February 2025

Streamlining Aviation for Eligible Veterans Act of 2025 or the SAFE Veterans Act of 2025 This bill authorizes the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to approve nondegree flight training courses for certain veterans with service-connected disabilities as part of the VA’s vocational rehabilitation programs under the Veteran Readiness and Employment (VR&E) program. Generally, the VR&E program provides job training and other employment-related services to veterans with service-connected disabilities, including long-term employment training courses.

NO GOTION Act

United States · United States Congress · 3 February 2025

No Official Giveaways Of Taxpayers’ Income to Oppressive Nations Act or the NO GOTION Act This bill prohibits certain entities associated with China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia, or the Maduro regime of Venezuela from claiming various energy-related federal tax incentives. Specifically, certain energy-related federal tax incentives may not be claimed by the government, a government instrumentality, or an agency of China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia, or the regime of Nicolas Maduro in Venezuela; any entity that is organized under the laws of or is headquartered in one of these countries; or any entity that is owned, controlled, directed, or influenced by or that has certain financial or contractual connections with any such government, government instrumentality, agency, or entity. Such entities may not claim the federal tax credits for alternative fuel vehicle refueling property, second-generation biofuel, biodiesel fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable electricity production, carbon sequestration, zero-emission nuclear power production, clean hydrogen production, clean commercial vehicles, advanced manufacturing production, clean electricity production, clean fuel production, investments in energy property, advanced energy projects, clean electricity investment, biodiesel mixtures, alternative fuel, and alternative fuel mixtures. Further, such entities are prohibited from claiming the federal tax deduction for energy efficient improvements to commercial buildings. Finally, such entities are not entitled to a credit or refund of federal excise taxes paid on biodiesel, alternative fuel, or sustainable aviation fuel mixtures produced by the entities.

Aviation-Impacted Communities Act

United States · United States Congress · 31 January 2025

Aviation-Impacted Communities Act This bill increases access to noise mitigation measures for aviation-impacted communities.   Under the bill, an aviation-impacted community is a community that is located not more than one mile from any point at which a commercial or cargo jet route is 3,000 feet or less above ground level. The bill expands noise mitigation program funding under the Airport Improvement Program to include aviation-impacted communities that are not currently within the 65 day-night average sound level (DNL) standard. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) must conduct outreach to aviation-impacted communities to inform them of the opportunity to be a designated community. A designated community must form a community board to provide information to airport operators and the FAA concerning aviation impacts (e.g., aircraft noise). A community board may petition the FAA to conduct a community assessment and, based on the assessment, the FAA must devise an action plan that alleviates or addresses the community’s concerns. In addition, the FAA must enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study and provide the FAA with a framework and diagnostic tool for conducting community assessments. The FAA must provide grants for necessary noise mitigation in a designated community for residences, hospitals, nursing homes, adult or child day care centers, schools, and places of worship. Further, the FAA and airport operators must provide (1) noise mitigation grants for communities subject to significant frequency of overhead flights, and (2) noise mitigation for residences impacted by significant nighttime aircraft noise.

Aviation Noise and Emissions Mitigation Act

United States · United States Congress · 31 January 2025

National Training Center for Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems Act

United States · United States Congress · 23 January 2025

National Training Center for Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems Act This bill requires the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) to establish training and qualification standards for counter-unmanned aircraft systems, commonly referred to as counter-drone systems. Specifically, DHS and DOJ, in coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration, must establish standards for initial and recurrent training programs or certifications for individuals seeking to operate counter-drone detection and mitigation systems, equipment, or technology. Further, DOJ, in coordination with DHS's Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, may provide training related to counter-drone systems, including detecting, identifying, monitoring, tracking, disrupting, and seizing control of drones. DOJ may establish or designate one or more facilities or training centers to provide such training related to counter-drone systems.

Fueling Alternative Transportation with a Carbon Aviation Tax Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 21 January 2025

Farm to Fly Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 16 January 2025

Farm to Fly Act of 2025 This bill directs the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to integrate the advancement of sustainable aviation fuels into its programs. Specifically, this bill includes sustainable aviation fuel as an advanced biofuel for the purposes of several USDA bioenergy programs that primarily provide support and incentives for renewable energy projects. For purposes of these programs, the bill defines sustainable aviation fuel as liquid fuel, the portion of which is not kerosene, which (1) meets specific international standards, (2) is not derived from coprocessing specific materials (e.g., triglycerides) with a non-biomass feedstock, (3) is not derived from palm fatty acid distillates or petroleum, and (4) is certified as having a lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions reduction percentage of at least 50% compared with petroleum-based jet fuel (based on specific standards and agreements). In addition, the bill specifically includes fostering and advancing sustainable aviation fuels as part of the Biorefinery, Renewable Chemical, and Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program. Further, USDA must carry out a comprehensive and integrated pursuit of all USDA mission areas for the advancement of sustainable aviation fuels, including through the identification of opportunities to maximize the development and commercialization of the fuels, supporting rural economic development through improved sustainability for aviation, and advancing public-private partnerships.

MACH Act

United States · United States Congress · 16 January 2025

Making Advancements in Commercial Hypersonics Act or the MACH Act This bill permits the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to establish a research program to facilitate the testing of high-speed aircraft and related technologies, to be known as the Making Advancements in Commercial Hypersonics Program. Within a specified time period, NASA must develop a strategic plan for such research. NASA must also consult with the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration on these efforts.  Under the program, NASA may not (1) fund the development of hypersonic and related technologies; or (2) enter into an agreement with certain foreign entities of concern, including entities owned or controlled by China, Iran, North Korea, or Russia. 

NO GOTION Act

United States · United States Congress · 16 January 2025

No Official Giveaways Of Taxpayers’ Income to Oppressive Nations Act or the NO GOTION Act This bill prohibits an entity that is created in, organized in, or controlled (in the aggregate) by China, Russia, Iran, or North Korea, or an entity controlled (in the aggregate) by one or more of such entities, from claiming multiple energy-related federal tax credits and incentives. Specifically, the bill prohibits such entities from claiming the federal tax credits for alternative fuel vehicle refueling property, second-generation biofuel, biodiesel fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable electricity production, carbon sequestration, zero-emission nuclear power production, clean hydrogen production, clean commercial vehicles, advanced manufacturing production, clean electricity production, clean fuel production, investments in energy property, advanced energy projects, clean electricity investment, biodiesel mixtures, alternative fuel, and alternative fuel mixtures. Further, such entities are prohibited from claiming the federal tax deduction for energy efficient improvements to commercial buildings. Finally, such entities are not entitled to a credit or refund of federal excise taxes paid on biodiesel, alternative fuel, or sustainable aviation fuel mixtures produced by the entities.

ACERO Act

United States · United States Congress · 14 January 2025

Advanced Capabilities for Emergency Response Operations Act or the ACERO Act This bill provides statutory authority for the Advanced Capabilities for Emergency Response Operations (ACERO) project. The ACERO project conducts research and development activities regarding aerial response to wildfires using uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) and other advanced aviation technologies. It is administered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).  The bill directs the ACERO project to address airspace management and deconfliction during wildfire response efforts, including through real-time information sharing among response teams and the development of a platform to provide situational awareness of aerial assets. The bill also directs the ACERO project to establish a multiagency concept of operations to facilitate the coordination of aerial wildfire response among federal, state, and local government agencies. NASA must consult with other federal agencies and departments to avoid duplication of these efforts.  NASA generally may not procure UAS manufactured or assembled by specified foreign entities, including entities domiciled in or controlled by China, for use by the ACERO project.

Restoring Fuel Market Freedom Act of 2025

United States · United States Congress · 9 January 2025

Restoring Fuel Market Freedom Act of 2025 This bill repeals multiple fuel-related federal tax credits and the credit or refund of federal fuel excise taxes paid on certain fuels used for nontaxable purposes. Specifically, the bill repeals the business tax credit for clean fuel production (tax credit for the production of clean fuels produced after 2024 and sold before 2028); business tax credit for second-generation biofuel producers (tax credit for the production before 2025 of fuel derived from qualified feedstocks that meets certain other requirements); business tax credit for biodiesel fuels (tax credit for biodiesel fuel sold or used before 2025); business tax credit for sustainable aviation fuel (tax credit for sustainable aviation fuel sold or used before 2025); and tax credit for alcohol fuel, biodiesel, and alternative fuel mixtures (tax credit for alcohol fuel, biodiesel, and alternative fuel mixtures sold or used before 2025). Finally, the bill repeals expired provisions that allow a credit or refund of excise taxes paid on alcohol, biodiesel, alternative fuel, or sustainable aviation fuel that is used for nontaxable purposes.

FLY Act

United States · United States Congress · 9 January 2025

Fast Lane for Youths Act or the FLY Act This bill directs the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to allow caregivers, parents, and guardians who already qualify for the TSA PreCheck program to accompany minors and passengers needing assistance to their flights. The TSA PreCheck program expedites traveler screening through participating TSA security checkpoints.  Specifically, the FAA and the TSA must collaborate to establish a system to expedite gate passes and flight access procedures for these individuals. The system must ensure that these caregivers, parents, and guardians are provided up to two gate passes.

American Relief Act, 2025

United States · United States Congress · 20 December 2024

American Relief Act, 2025 This act provides continuing FY2025 appropriations for federal agencies and supplemental appropriations for disaster relief. It also extends various expiring programs and authorities, including several public health and agriculture programs. DIVISION A--FURTHER CONTINUING APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2025 Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2025 This division provides continuing FY2025 appropriations to federal agencies through the earlier of March 14, 2025, or the enactment of the applicable appropriations act. It is known as a continuing resolution (CR) and prevents a government shutdown that would otherwise occur if the FY2025 appropriations bills have not been enacted when the existing CR expires on December 20, 2024. The CR funds most programs and activities at the FY2024 levels with several exceptions that provide funding flexibility and additional appropriations for various programs. (Sec. 101) This section provides FY2025 appropriations to federal agencies for continuing projects or activities at the levels and under the conditions included in specified FY2024 appropriations acts. The section also extends several immigration-related programs and specifies several exceptions. The section provides additional funding to the District of Columbia for costs associated with emergency planning and security activities related to the January 2025 Presidential Inauguration. It also amends the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2025 to add the following provisions: (Sec. 153) This section permits the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to apportion specified funds at the rate necessary to maintain the acquisition schedule for Geostationary Earth Orbit. (Sec. 154) This section permits the Department of Justice to apportion Justice Information Technology funding at the rate necessary to carry out proactive vulnerability detection and penetration testing activities. (Sec. 155) This section provides additional emergency funding for the Federal Bureau of Investigation to conduct risk reduction and modification of National Security Systems. (Sec. 156) This section permits the Navy to apportion specified funds at the rate necessary for activities related to the procurement of a Columbia Class Submarine. (Sec. 157) This section provides additional emergency funding to the Navy for (1) the Virginia Class Submarine program, and (2) for workforce wage and non-executive salary improvements for other nuclear-powered vessel programs. Specifically, the funds may be used to incrementally fund contract obligations for the improvement of workforce wages and non-executive level salaries on new or existing contracts pertaining to the Virginia Class Submarine program or to other nuclear-powered vessel programs. (Sec. 158) This section provides additional emergency funding to DOD for conducting risk reduction and modification of National Security Systems. (Sec. 159) This section allows the Department of Energy (DOE) to apportion specified funds for Atomic Energy Defense Activities at the rate necessary to sustain specialized security activities. It also requires DOE and the Office of Management and Budget to notify Congress no later than three days after each use of this authority. (Sec. 160) This section provides additional emergency funding to DOE for conducting risk reduction and modification of National Security Systems. (Sec. 161) This section extends and increases the authorization of appropriations for the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project. (Sec. 162) This section provides additional emergency funding to the Department of the Treasury for conducting risk reduction and modification of National Security Systems. (Sec. 163) This section extends the exemption from the Antideficiency Act for the Federal Communications Commission's Universal Service Fund. (Sec. 164) This section extends limits on pay increases for the Vice President and certain senior political appointees. (Sec. 165) This section permits the Department of Education to apportion Student Aid Administration funds at the rate necessary ensure the continuation of student loan servicing activities and the student aid application and eligibility determination processes. (Sec. 166) This section allows certain unobligated military construction funds that were provided to the Army to be used for an access road project at Arlington National Cemetery. (Sec. 167) This section provides that specified rescissions of funds from various Veteran Health Administration accounts do not apply during the period covered by the CR. (Sec. 168) This section extends the term of a member of the Millennium Challenge Corporation Board of Directors. (Sec. 169) This section permits the Federal Aviation Administration to apportion funds at the rate necessary to fund mandatory pay increases and other inflationary adjustments, to maintain and improve air traffic services, to hire and train air traffic controllers, and to continue aviation safety oversight, while avoiding service reductions. DIVISION B--DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2025 Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2025 This division provides supplemental appropriations to various federal agencies for disaster relief and assistance to respond to hurricanes, wildfires, severe storms and flooding, tornadoes, and other natural disasters. TITLE I This title provides appropriations to the Department of Agriculture (USDA) for the Office of the Secretary, the Office of Inspector General, the Agricultural Research Service, the Emergency Forest Restoration Program and the Emergency Conservation Program within the Farm Service Agency, the Emergency Watershed Protection Program within the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Rural Development Disaster Assistance Fund, and the Commodity Assistance Program within the Food and Nutrition Service (Sec. 2101) This section modifies the requirements for the Rural Development Disaster Assistance Fund to allow the fund to be used for additional purposes and expand the activity or project limitations that USDA is permitted to waive. For example, this section permits USDA to waive certain limits on age and duplication with respect to replacement of damaged or destroyed utilities; specifies that the fund may be used for activities in areas affected by a disaster declared by the governor of a state or territory (currently USDA or the President); allows USDA to use alternative sources of income data provided by local, regional, state, or federal government sources to determine program eligibility; and specifies that, with respect to grants authorized by the Community Facilities Grant Program, USDA may not require the applicant to demonstrate that it is unable to finance the proposed project from its own resources, through commercial credit at reasonable rates and terms, or other funding sources without grant assistance. (Sec. 2102) This section requires USDA to make one-time economic assistance payments to producers of certain commodities if the expected gross return per acre for the commodity is less than the expected cost of production per acre for that eligible commodity. The section also specifies requirements for determining the (1) the expected gross return per acre,  (2) the expected cost of production per acre, and (3) the amount of the economic assistance payment for a producer. TITLE II This title provides appropriations for the Department of Commerce, the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Within Commerce, the title provides appropriations to the Economic Development Administration for Economic Development Assistance Programs. The title also provides appropriations to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for Operations, Research, and Facilities; Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction; and Fisheries Disaster Assistance. The title provides appropriations to DOJ for (1) the U.S. Marshals Service, and (2) the Federal Prison System. The title provides appropriations to NASA for Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration. TITLE III This title provides appropriations to the Department of Defense for Operation and Maintenance; Procurement; Research, Development, Test and Evaluation; and the Defense Health Program. TITLE IV This title provides appropriations for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works projects, the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation, and the Department of Energy (DOE). The title provides appropriations to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for Investigations, Construction, Mississippi River and Tributaries, and Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies. The title provides appropriations to the Bureau of Reclamation for Water and Related Resources. Within DOE, the title provides appropriations for (1) the Strategic Petroleum Reserve; and (2) the National Nuclear Security Administration, including for Weapons Activities and Defense Environmental Cleanup. TITLE V This title provides appropriations to the U.S. Supreme Court for protection of the residences of the Supreme Court Justices. It also provides appropriations to the Small Business Administration for the Disaster Loans Program Account. TITLE VI This title provides appropriations to the Department of Homeland Security for the U.S. Coast Guard; the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the Disaster Relief Fund and the Hermit’s Peak/Calf Canyon Fire Assistance Account; and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. TITLE VII This title provides appropriations for the Department of the Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Forest Service. The title provides appropriation to Interior for the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Indian Education, and the Office of Inspector General. The title provides appropriations to the EPA for (1) the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund Program, and (2) State and Tribal Assistance Grants. The title provides appropriations to the Forest Service for Forest Service Operations; Forest and Rangeland Research; State, Private, and Tribal Forestry; the National Forest System; and Capital Improvement and Maintenance (Sec. 2701) This section allows Interior and the Forest Service to recruit and directly appoint highly qualified individuals into the competitive service to address certain critical hiring needs for the planning and execution of the projects and activities funded in this title without regard to specified hiring procedures and requirements. This section also specifies requirements and restrictions for using this authority. (Sec. 2702) This section requires agencies that receive funds provided by this title to submit detailed operating plans to Congress prior to obligating the funds. TITLE VIII This title provides appropriations to the Administration for Children and Families for Payments to States for the Child Care and Development Block Grant. (Sec. 2801) This section requires agencies that receive funds provided by this title to submit detailed operating plans to Congress prior to obligating the funds. TITLE IX This title provides appropriations to the Government Accountability Office for audits and investigations related to Hurricane Helene, Hurricane Milton, and other disasters. TITLE X This title provides appropriations for military construction and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The title provides appropriations to the Department of Defense (DOD) for military construction for the Navy and Marine Corps. the Air Force, and the Army National Guard. The title also provides appropriations to the Navy and Marine Corps for (1) Family Housing Construction, and (2) Family Housing Operation and Maintenance. Within the VA, the title provides appropriations to the Veteran Health Administration for Medical Services, Medical Support and Compliance, and Medical Facilities. The title also provides appropriations to the VA for (1) the National Cemetery Administration; and (2) Departmental Administration, including construction for major and minor projects. TITLE XI This title provides appropriations to the Department of State for the International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico. TITLE XII This title provides appropriations to the Federal Highway Administration for the Emergency Relief Program. It also provides appropriations to the Department of Housing and Urban Development for the Community Development Fund. TITLE XIII (Sec. 21301) This section specifies that the funds provided by this division are in addition to funds otherwise appropriated for the fiscal year involved. (Sec. 21302) This section prohibits funds provided by this division from remaining available for obligation beyond the current fiscal year unless this division expressly provides otherwise. (Sec. 21303) Unless otherwise specified by this division, the funds provided by this division are subject to the authorities and conditions that apply to the applicable appropriations accounts for FY2025. (Sec. 21304) This section specifies that funds designated as emergency spending by Divisions A or B are only available if the President subsequently designates all of the funds as emergency spending and transmits the designations to Congress. (Sec. 21305) This section specifies that funds that are designated by Divisions A or B as emergency spending and are transferred pursuant to authorities provided by this division shall retain the emergency designations. (Sec. 21306) This section exempts the budgetary effects of Division C and each subsequent division of this act from (1) the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 (PAYGO Act), (2) the Senate PAYGO rule, and (3) certain budget scorekeeping rules. DIVISION C--HEALTH  Health Extensions and Other Matters Act, 2025   TITLE I--PUBLIC HEALTH EXTENDERS (Sec. 3101) This section extends through March 31, 2025, funding for the Teaching Health Center Graduate Medical Education Program, the Community Health Center Fund, and the National Health Service Corps. The program supports education and training of medical students in primary care residency programs in community-based ambulatory patient care centers. The fund supports (1) grants for outpatient health care facilities that serve medically underserved populations; and (2) the National Health Service Corps, which provides scholarships and student loan repayment awards to health care providers who agree to work in areas with health care provider shortages. (Sec. 3102) This section extends funding through March 31, 2025, for the Special Diabetes Program for Type I Diabetes and the Special Diabetes Program for Indians. The Special Diabetes Program for Type I Diabetes supports research on the prevention and cure of Type I diabetes, and the Special Diabetes Program for Indians supports diabetes treatment and prevention for tribal populations. (Sec. 3103) This section extends through March 31, 2025, the authority that allows states and tribes to request the temporary reassignment of state and local health department personnel who are funded through certain federal programs to immediately address a public health emergency. It also extends through March 31, 2025, provisions that prohibit the disclosure of information about Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs that could compromise national security (e.g., information regarding biomedical threats). The section extends through March 31, 2025, provisions that authorize HHS to engage with developers of medical countermeasures, and that provide for related antitrust exemptions, for the purpose of furthering product development. Additionally, the section extends through March 31, 2025, the National Advisory Committee on Children and Disasters, the National Advisory Committee on Seniors and Disasters, and the National Advisory Committee on Individuals with Disabilities and Disasters. It also extends through March 31, 2025, the authority of HHS to directly appoint candidates to positions within the National Disaster Medical System if HHS determines the number of personnel in the system is insufficient to address a public health emergency or potential public health emergency. The National Disaster Medical System is a partnership between HHS, the Department of Defense, and other federal departments that responds to public health and other emergencies, including by deploying medical response teams. TITLE II--MEDICARE (Sec. 3201) This section extends through March 31, 2025, certain increased payment adjustments for low-volume hospitals under Medicare's inpatient prospective payment system. (Sec. 3202) This section extends through March 31, 2025, the Medicare-Dependent Hospital Program, which provides additional payments to certain small rural hospitals that have a high proportion of Medicare patients. (Sec. 3203) This section extends through March 31, 2025, certain increased payment adjustments for ground ambulance services in rural and other areas under Medicare. (Sec. 3204) This section extends through March 31, 2025, funding for certain Medicare quality-measurement activities. (Sec. 3205) This section extends through March 31, 2025, funding for state health insurance programs, area agencies on aging, aging and disability resource centers, and technical assistance related to outreach and enrollment with respect to Medicare and other programs. (Sec. 3206) This section extends through March 31, 2025, certain minimum adjustments to the work geographic index with respect to payments for physician services under Medicare. (Sec. 3207) This section extends through March 31, 2025, certain telehealth flexibilities under Medicare. Specifically, the section (1) removes geographic restrictions on originating sites (i.e., the location of the beneficiary); (2) allows the home of the beneficiary to serve as the originating site for all services; (3) allows audiologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists to furnish telehealth services; (4) allows federally qualified health centers and rural health clinics to serve as the distant site (i.e., the location of the health care practitioner); (5) delays implementation of certain in-person evaluation requirements for mental health telehealth services; (6) expands coverage to include audio-only services for evaluation and management and behavioral health services; and (7) allows, for purposes of hospice care recertification under Medicare, physicians and nurse practitioners to fulfill the requirement of a face-to-face encounter with the hospice patient via telehealth. (Sec. 3208) This section extends through March 31, 2025, the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program under Medicare. (The program allows hospitals to treat certain patients from emergency departments or inpatient hospital beds at home.) (Sec. 3209) This section extends through March 31, 2025, coverage under the Medicare prescription drug benefit of prescription oral antiviral drugs that were authorized in response to the COVID-19 public health emergency. (Sec. 3210) This section reduces funding for the Medicare Improvement Fund beginning in FY2026. TITLE III--HUMAN SERVICES (Sec. 3301) This section extends through March 31, 2025, funding for the Sexual Risk Avoidance Education Program. This program supports projects to implement sexual risk avoidance education that teaches participants to voluntarily refrain from nonmarital sexual activities. (Sec. 3302) This section extends through March 31, 2025, funding for the Personal Responsibility Education Program. This program provides grants to states to educate young people about abstinence and contraception for prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The program also supports pregnant and parenting youth. (Sec. 3303) This section extends through March 31, 2025, the Family-to-Family Health Information Centers Program, which is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration. The program awards grants to family-run organizations to support the provision of information and peer support to families of children with special health care needs.  DIVISION D--EXTENSION OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMS (Sec. 4101) This section extends programs authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the 2018 farm bill) until the later of (1) September 30, 2025; (2) the date specified in the provision of the act; or (3) the date in effect for programs authorized by the Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024. This section extends and amends Department of Agriculture (USDA) commodity programs, including by extending various programs for covered commodities, a loan commodity, sugarcane, or sugar beets for the 2025 crop year; extending the Special Competitive Provisions for Extra Long Staple Cotton program through July 31, 2026; extending the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) payments through the 2025 crop year for a covered commodity; extending the Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC) program through December 31, 2025; limiting the 25% premium discount for the DMC program in 2025 to participating dairy operations that received the discount in 2024; allowing Dairy Forward Pricing Program contracts to be extended through September 30, 2028 (previously September 30, 2027); extending the suspension of permanent price support authorities for the 2025 crop year for covered commodities, cotton, and sugar and through December 31, 2025, for milk; and extending the suspension of provisions related to corn and wheat marketing quotas for wheat planted for harvest in calendar year 2025. This section extends the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust through FY2025 to allow for eligible commodities to remain in the trust until September 30, 2025. The program makes funds available to provide emergency food assistance to developing countries. This section extends through FY2025 a provision that prohibits USDA from declaring the Grazinglands Research Laboratory in El Reno, Oklahoma, to be excess or surplus federal property, or otherwise conveying or transferring the property. This section extends through the 2025 crop year the Feedstock Flexibility Program (FFP) for Bioenergy Producers, which allows the Commodity Credit Corporation to purchase surplus sugar from processors for resale to ethanol producers for ethanol fuel. Further, this section extends through September 1, 2025, requirements for USDA to provide notice to eligible entities and bioenergy producers of the quantity of eligible commodities that must be made available for purchase and sale for the crop year. Further, this section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain commodities-related mandatory funding that was provided for the Farm Service Agency to implement USDA commodity programs; the Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund, which provides assistance to reduce the economic injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from tariffs on cotton fabric that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of cotton fabric; the Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund, which provides assistance to reduce the economic injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from tariffs on wool fabric that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of wool fabric; and the Wool Research and Promotion Program, which provides grants to assist U.S. wool producers with improving the quality of wool and with developing and promoting the wool market. This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain conservation-related mandatory funding for FY2024 and FY2025 that was provided for the Grassroots Source Water Protection Program, a joint project with the Farm Service Agency and the National Rural Water Association (a nonprofit water and wastewater utility membership organization), which is designed to help prevent pollution of surface and ground water that is used as the primary source of drinking water by rural residents; the Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program, which provides funding to help state and tribal governments encourage landowners to allow public access to their land for hunting, fishing, and other wildlife-dependent recreation; certain funding under the Conservation Reserve Program for forest management incentive payments (e.g., payments for thinning and other practices to improve the condition of resources, promote forest management, or enhance wildlife habitat) and to facilitate the transfer of land subject to contracts under the program to beginning, veteran, or socially disadvantaged farmers or ranchers; and the Feral Swine Eradication and Control Pilot Program, which responds to the threat feral swine pose to agriculture, native ecosystems, and human and animal health. This section also specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply with respect to certain limitations on payments under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program and the Conservation Stewardship Program. This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain mandatory funding that was provided for the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP). TEFAP provides food commodities (and cash support for storage and distribution costs) through states to local emergency feeding organizations (e.g., food banks). This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain mandatory funding that was provided for the Rural Economic Development Loan & Grant Program, which provides funding for rural projects through local utility organizations. This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain research-related mandatory funding that was provided for scholarships for students at 1890 Institutions through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) program that provides grants to 1890 Institutions (i.e., historically Black colleges and universities that belong to the U.S. land-grant university system) for awarding scholarships to students who intend to pursue a career in the food and agricultural sciences; the Urban, Indoor, and other Emerging Agricultural Production Research, Education, and Extension Initiative, a NIFA competitive grant program; and the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, a nonprofit corporation established to advance the research mission of USDA by supporting research activities focused on key problems of national and international significance. This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain energy-related mandatory funding that was provided for the biobased markets program (i.e., BioPreferred Program) which promotes biobased products through mandatory purchasing requirements for federal agencies and their contractors and through a voluntary labeling initiative for biobased products;  the Biorefinery, Renewable Chemical, and Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program, which provides loan guarantees to assist in the development of new and emerging technologies for the development of advanced biofuels, renewable chemicals, and biobased product manufacturing; and the bioenergy program for advanced biofuels (i.e., Advanced Biofuel Payment Program) which provides payments to fuel producers to support and expand production of advanced biofuels (i.e., not derived from corn starch). This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain horticulture-related mandatory funding that was provided for USDA to collect and report data on the production and marketing of organic agricultural products; modernization and improvement of international trade technology systems and data collection for imports of organically produced agricultural products; the Organic Certification Cost Share Program, which provides cost-share assistance to producers and handlers of agricultural products who are obtaining or renewing their certification under the National Organic Program; and the multiple crop and pesticide use survey of farmers conducted by the USDA Office of Pest Management Policy. This section specifies that the extension of farm bill programs does not apply to certain mandatory funding that was provided for the Sheep Production and Marketing Grant Program, which seeks to strengthen and enhance the production and marketing of sheep and sheep products in the United States; and the Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Development Trust Fund, which funds a program that aims to bring together scientists to find scientifically sound and financially sustainable solutions to Huanglongbing (i.e., citrus greening, a bacterial disease spread by an insect that feeds on citrus). This section also extends various reporting requirements authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018. Finally, this section must be applied and administered as if it had been enacted on September 30, 2024. DIVISION E--OTHER MATTERS (Sec. 5101) This section extends until March 14, 2025, the availability of funds for customer education initiatives and administrative expenses of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's Office of Customer Education and Outreach and the Whistleblower Program. This section is retroactively effective beginning September 30, 2024. (Sec. 5102) This section extends until March 14, 2025, the authority of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice to take certain actions to mitigate a credible threat to certain facilities or assets from an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). These include certain facilities that are located in the United States and identified as high-risk and a potential target for unlawful UAS activity. (Sec. 5103) This section extends until March 14, 2025, the special assessment on nonindigent persons or entities convicted of certain offenses involving sexual abuse or human trafficking. The assessment funds programs for human-trafficking survivors. (Sec. 5104) This section extends the authority for DHS’s National Cybersecurity Protection System and related reporting requirements until March 14, 2025. (Sec. 5105) This section extends until March 31, 2025, the temporary scheduling order issued by the Drug Enforcement Administration to place fentanyl-related substances in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.

Calling on law enforcement led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Federal Aviation Administration to provide an immediate briefing to the public on the current drone situation in New Jersey and New York.

United States · United States Congress · 18 December 2024