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32 records where Gaël Le Bohec is listed as a sponsor, author, or other actor. Search with topics and years
Question· Question écrite9969open
France · National Assembly
Introduced by the law to modernize our health system of January 26, 2016, the saliva sampling device, instead of blood sampling, intended to confirm driving after use of narcotic products (screening) is regulated by Decree No. 2016-1152 of August 24, 2016 relating to the fight against driving after use of substances or plants classified as narcotics and by an order of December 13, 2016 setting the modalities of screening for substances indicating the use of narcotics, and of the analyzes and examinations provided for by the highway code and repealing the amended decree of September 5, 2001 establishing the modalities of screening for substances indicating the use of narcotics, and of the analyzes and examinations provided for by the highway code. As long as the inspected person does not request a second opinion which remains carried out by blood analysis, this This measure simplifies the procedures for detecting this offense since the investigator can directly take the saliva sample at the time of the check, using the sampling kit he is equipped with. In this case, he no longer has to take the motorist to a doctor for medical examination and blood sampling. Once taken, this saliva sample is sent to the laboratory for analyzes and results. This device presents several advantages: - it saves significant time in screening and simplifies the procedure by avoiding the systematic recourse to a doctor; - on an operational level, the saliva test being carried out on site, the staff no longer leaves the control to take the person to a health establishment for a blood test. As part of the implementation of this reform, the financial effort made by the general directorates of the national gendarmerie and police, on their own budget, was notable. Indeed, regarding saliva screening kits, the General Directorate of the National Gendarmerie (DGGN) ordered 210,000 of these materials in 2018 compared to 170,000 in 2017. The General Directorate of the National Police (DGPN) for its part financed the purchase of 101,500 kits in 2018 compared to 57,000 in 2017. For collection kits salivary, the DGGN acquired 110,000 in 2018 compared to 100,000 in 2017 and the DGPN 34,600 compared to 21,000. The distributions of these materials are scheduled and regular throughout the year. Units that do not have sufficient materials can request resupply from their higher hierarchical level.
Question· Question écrite9949open
France · National Assembly
Civil servant engineers and technicians working in public scientific and technological establishments (EPST) such as INSERM or INRA and those working in higher education establishments belong to bodies of engineering and technical personnel falling within two distinct sectors: the ITA sector (research personnel working in the EPST) and the ITRF sector (research and training practicing in higher education establishments). The bodies of the ITRF sector are governed by Decree No. 85-1534 of December 31, 1985 as amended establishing the statutory provisions applicable to engineers and technical and administrative research and training personnel of the ministry responsible for higher education. These bodies report to the minister responsible for higher education and research. The bodies of the ITA sector falls under bodies specific to each EPST governed by Decree No. 83-1260 of December 30, 1983 as amended establishing the statutory provisions common to the bodies of civil servants of public scientific and technological establishments, supplemented by the decrees establishing the specific status of the bodies specific to each EPST. The ITRF bodies and the ITA bodies are homologous bodies: they thus benefit from index grids strictly identical and their compensation regime is governed by the same texts, with regard to the compensation regime taking into account functions, constraints, expertise and professional commitment (RIFSEEP): - Decree No. 2014-513 of May 20, 2014 as amended establishing a compensation regime taking into account functions, constraints, expertise and professional commitment in the State civil service; - the decree of March 24, 2017 taken for the application to certain bodies of research technicians and research and training technicians of the provisions of Decree No. 2014-513 of May 20, 2014: this decree sets the regulatory scales of the RIFSEEP common in particular to ITA and ITRF personnel; - the decree of July 19, 2017 which allowed the membership of the ITA and ITRF bodies in RIFSEEP. Beyond this common regulatory framework, the management rules are specific to each public employer establishment, according to its HR policy and its resources, while respecting the autonomy of public establishments and the principle of valuing the functions performed and the commitment and professional experience of each agent, with particular regard to RIFSEEP. Within a mixed research unit, the compensation awarded to an agent therefore depends on their sector and the establishment responsible for his remuneration. When these personnel joined the new RIFSEEP regime, on September 1, 2017, an objective of convergence of the compensation bases of the bodies of the ITRF and ITA sectors was retained. These compensation bases take into account the actual level of compensation allocations provided by the employing organizations before the transition to the RIFSEEP, each having their own policy practices. compensative. The Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation has therefore assigned to establishments an objective of convergence between the ITRF and ITA sectors, over several years, accompanied by the corresponding budgetary resources intended for EPST in order to reduce these compensation differences.
Question· Question écrite9934answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Solidarity and Health to the lack of medical gynecologists. Between 2007 and 2017, the number of these specialists fell by 41.6%. Today, according to figures from the National Council of the Order of Physicians, only 1,136 medical gynecologists practice throughout the country for some 28 million women aged over 16. On average, France therefore has 3.1 medical gynecologists per 100,000 women. Six departments have no medical gynecologists. The role of medical gynecologists is particularly valuable in preventive medicine, particularly in the fight against sexually transmitted diseases (some of which have been experiencing a worrying resurgence for several years) and the prevention of certain cancers. Medical gynecologists indeed take care of contraception, cycle disorders, menopause, sterility, diagnosis and monitoring of tumors. Medical gynecology is a French specificity. Alongside this specialty, obstetrician-gynecologists, of whom there are currently 4,664, primarily deal with pregnancies and childbirth. Finally, there are 1,148 gynecologists who combine both specialties (medical and obstetricians). The situation is particularly worrying for women's health. The time it takes to make an appointment for a consultation is getting longer and, more and more often, women have to go further and further to find a medical gynecologist. Not to mention that many of them give up consulting or treatment due to the sometimes prohibitive prices charged by the majority of medical gynecologists. They are not in fact only 38.5% pay the approved “Social Security” rate. Also, he would like to know what measures it intends to take to overcome this problem of shortage of medical gynecologists while these specialists are responsible for monitoring the health of women throughout their lives from puberty.
Question· Question écrite9932open
France · National Assembly
Despite the various measures intended to secure the reception and practice of practitioners with diplomas from outside the European Union (PADHUE) put in place since 1999, many health professionals holding one of these diplomas have continued to be recruited, outside of any regulatory framework and under different statuses (associate trainee, "acting as intern", associate attached practitioner, associate assistant) by establishments French health. Law No. 2006-1640 of December 21, 2006 on the financing of social security for 2007 put in place a first exemption system allowing PADHUEs with paid positions to be able to continue to practice their profession and to submit an examination for authorization to practice. If the examination provided for by this system has no longer been organized since 2016, Law No. 2016-1888 of December 28, 2016 modernization, development and protection of mountain territories then Law No. 2018-1245 of December 27, 2018 aimed at securing the exercise of qualified practitioners outside the European Union allowed practitioners recruited before August 3, 2010 to continue their functions, without full exercise, until December 31, 2020. Today, the estimated number is around 350 practitioners who, in the absence of legislative measures, would no longer have met the legal conditions to practice in French health establishments. Law No. 2019-774 of July 24, 2019 relating to the organization and transformation of the health system put in place new provisions aimed at providing secure conditions of access to authorization to practice for practitioners who have served in health establishments in recent years without having satisfied knowledge verification tests. It is about allowing these professionals, often placed in precarious professional situations, to access full exercise and to build a long-term professional project while taking into account personal and human aspects. The text establishes a new transitional system derogating from common law allowing professionals recruited after 2010 and who can provide proof of significant exercise in France, to submit an application for authorization to exercise to a practice authorization commission with a view to its examination and the prescription, if necessary, of a skills consolidation course. Subject to the submission of this file, professionals will be issued with a temporary authorization to practice while their file is being processed. The law also allows renovate the common law practice authorization system known as List A by replacing the recruitment of successful practitioners of knowledge verification tests by health establishments with a ministerial assignment system. This principle of assignment aims to avoid any new recruitment outside the regulatory framework. The number of positions opened each year under this competition has also been increased significantly in recent years. In 2018, 866 positions for the profession of doctor were opened for this competition, all specialties combined. Candidates for authorization to practice the profession of doctor, winners of the knowledge verification tests, must also demonstrate a two-year skills consolidation course before being able to present their file to the practice authorization commission.
Question· Question écrite9878answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of State, Minister of the Interior, to the difficulties encountered in recording the number of participants in music festivals, more commonly called rave parties. Articles L. 211-5 to L. 211-8 of the internal security code, as well as the implementing decrees, establish at five hundred people the threshold from which rave party organizers must declare the demonstration in the prefecture. Once this threshold is reached, organizers are then subject to legal obligations in terms of access, communication and risk prevention. However, in reality, the declaration of the number of participants in these festivals is difficult to verify and is subject to doubt. This results, for the police, in difficulties regarding the controls they can exercise to establish the aspect licit or illicit of these rave parties. Indeed, the obligation to count the number of participants in a rave party places the police in a position of passive observation and prevents them from taking truly effective action both in terms of public safety and health and peace of mind for local residents. Also, he asks him if the Government plans to no longer impose a threshold - or at least to lower this threshold - beyond which “exclusively festive gatherings of a musical nature, organized by private persons, in places which are not previously set up for this purpose” within the meaning of article L. 211-5 of the internal security code must be declared to the prefecture.
Question· Question écrite9871open
France · National Assembly
By decree of June 21, 2017 relating to the composition of the Government, the President of the Republic, on the proposal of the Prime Minister, appointed Ms. Geneviève Darrieussecq Secretary of State to the Minister of the Armed Forces. In accordance with Decree No. 2017-1150 of July 10, 2017, the Secretary of State has jurisdiction over all matters entrusted to her by the Minister of the Armed Forces. In this capacity, she is notably responsible for questions relating to veterans, war victims and returnees. She also oversees memorial policy, as well as the preparation and implementation of measures demonstrating the Nation's recognition of people affected by war and external operations. In this context, its mission consists of proposing developments concerning support systems for veterans. The Secretary of State is in addition to being responsible for supervising the National Office for Veterans and Victims of War (ONAC-VG) of which she chairs the board of directors. It is also specified that programs 167 “Links between the Nation and its army” and 169 “Recognition and reparation in favor of the fighting world”, falling under the interministerial mission “Veterans, memory and links with the Nation”, are placed under the responsibility of the Secretary of State to the Minister of the Armed Forces. Consequently, the current missions of the Secretary of State within the Government do not reflect any reduction in her responsibilities compared to those devolved to her predecessors. In addition, the Secretary of State has indicated on several occasions that among all the missions entrusted to her, her first priority concerns the fighting world and memory. Upon taking functions, the Secretary of State began a voluntary and pragmatic negotiation, which made it possible, in an overall budgetary context marked by the need to better control our public finances, to obtain two provisions, included in Law No. 2017-1837 of December 30, 2017 on finances for 2018. The first concerned the harmonization of the conditions for the accumulation of a retirement pension and a military disability pension (rate of grade). The second increased by 100 euros, from January 1, 2018, the annual amount of the recognition allowance and the lifetime allowance paid to former members of supplementary training or to their surviving spouses and ex-spouses. Furthermore, it is recalled that during the presentation of the finance bill for 2018, the Secretary of State committed to studying various demands made since many years by veterans, within the framework of close consultation and open dialogue with associations. These discussions took place during the first months of 2018 and concluded on May 25. At the end of these unprecedented exchanges, the Government notably decided, in accordance with the commitments made by the President of the Republic, to award the combatant's card to all military personnel. having served in Algeria until July 1, 1964. This system will be implemented in the finance bill for 2019.
Question· Question écrite44240open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec alerts the Minister of the Interior to the obvious deterioration of the procedure for obtaining national identity cards (CNI) and passports, whether for a first request or as part of a simple renewal. If the waiting times between the submission of the application and the receipt of the identity document prove to be increasingly long and sometimes last around ten weeks, the mere submission of the file is also an exploit to try to find, on the internet or by telephone only, an appointment, sometimes far from home. Under the decree of October 28, 2016 modifying the terms and conditions for issuing CNIs, the order of the Minister of the Interior of February 9, 2017 implemented the principle according to which new identity documents can be deposited and collected only in town halls equipped with a collection system of fingerprints. If the reorganization of this decentralized State service is motivated by the imperative of security of the systems for issuing identity documents, it nevertheless takes place to the detriment of the accessibility of civil status services and equality between citizens. The number of town halls approved for issuing CNIs is in fact still very limited and poorly distributed geographically. To overcome this difficulty, the principle of “deterritorialization” of administrative procedures for obtaining an identity document has been introduced and makes it possible to submit an application for a title unrelated to one's place of residence. This deterritorialization is also accompanied by a dematerialization of procedures, to the detriment of the most vulnerable groups, in particular the elderly and people with disabilities, populations residing in territories isolated and lacking public transport, or even people living in these same isolated areas and not having a personal vehicle. This situation results in a deterioration of the principle of proximity of public services for users throughout the national territory, which is particularly damaging. Also, he asks him to kindly indicate the measures that the Government intends to implement to ensure citizens that the public service operates properly, in order to acceptably shorten waiting times for making appointments and then issuing documents.
Question· Question écrite44227open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec questions the Minister Delegate to the Minister for Ecological Transition, responsible for housing, on the application of article L. 442-5-2 of the construction and housing code. This article establishes that the rules which govern the conditions of occupancy of social housing are re-examined every three years by social landlords with regard to five situations, including that relating to tenants' income. There The frequency of re-examination of files was also reduced from 5 to 3 years thanks to an amendment that he had tabled and which had been adopted to the bill “on the development of housing, development and digital technology” (known as “ÉLAN”). The objective was to allow households who need it the most better access to social housing since, according to article L. 442-5-2, "the lessor carries out with the tenant an examination of his situation and possibilities for development of his residential career. Indeed, waiting lists for access to social housing are often very long and it is not uncommon for households, whose financial situation has improved, to remain in social housing even though they should no longer be entitled to it given their income. The acceleration of the periodicity of re-examination of files should therefore have the effect of effect of streamlining the occupation of social housing by sticking as closely as possible to the real financial situation of tenants. In his role of evaluating public policies, the MP however noted that social landlords did not cumulatively observe the five criteria listed in article L. 442-5-2 of the construction and housing code and that the 5th criterion relating to the income of the occupants was not necessarily therefore not necessarily taken into account. Consequently, he would like to know if the Government intends to take stock of the situation on the occupancy of social housing based on the income of the occupants and if it plans to put pressure on social landlords so that the occupancy of housing is not uncorrelated with the income received by the tenants. In this perspective, he asks him to confirm that the five criteria listed by article L. 442-5-2 of the construction and housing code be examined in full and therefore cumulatively by social landlords to decide on the allocation of social housing to a household or to maintain it there if necessary.
Question· Question écrite44210open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec questions the Minister of National Education, Youth and Sports on the functioning of teacher transfers and the abusive use of the civil solidarity pact (PACS) in the system. National education recognizes the civil solidarity pact as proof of a bond with a spouse. Civil servants in a civil partnership therefore have the same rights as if they were married or parents to obtain prioritization in matter of appointment or mobility. Thus, Law No. 2019-828 of August 6, 2019 on “transformation of the civil service” introduced into Law No. 84-16 of January 11, 1984 “on statutory provisions relating to the State civil service” provisions providing for the development of management guidelines by administrations in matters of mobility. Article 60 of the 1984 law as amended provides that the authority competent authority which carries out transfers of civil servants, while taking into account the needs of the service, prioritizes any civil servant separated from their spouse for professional reasons as long as the latter “is bound by a civil solidarity pact if they produce proof that they submit to the joint taxation obligation provided for by the general tax code”. Likewise, according to article 62 of the law of 1984 amended in 2019, the civil servants linked by a PACS benefit, as a priority, from the possibilities of secondment, direct integration and, where applicable, secondment. The rules governing transfers within national education thus grant a bonus to civil servants in civil partnerships which gives them an advantage compared to civil servants who acquire points, for example by teaching for several years in sensitive areas. In fact, the mutation system awards 20 points per year of seniority, plus 50 points per 4 years. At the same time, the transfer for spousal reconciliation allows you to acquire 150 points at once, to which bonuses must be added for each year of separation and even more if the departments of the two spouses do not border. The conclusion of a PACS can thus turn out to be a real godsend, to the point that websites would propose “Pacs of convenience”, which the press has reported on several occasions. Thus, the newspaper Les Échos carried out a survey in October 2021 which shows the extent of the problem. “This illegal practice is commonplace, thus underlines daily life and would not be the lot of a few reckless teachers but a fallback solution, or even an emergency solution to preserve their mental state, for many teachers who have landed in a difficult region, often far from home. [...] Other situations grant bonuses, such as years of service in REP and REP + establishments, a particular state of health or a disability situation, for the agent, his spouse or his children. None of these reasons can be falsified. With the exception of spousal reconciliation.” In view of the situation, he would therefore like to know what proportion of mutations have been granted following the contractualization of a PACS since the start of the five-year term. Finally, he would like to know if the Government plans to overhaul the method of calculating the points allowing a transfer to be granted, in order to eliminate possible salary distortions.
Question· Question écrite44198open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec questions the Minister of National Education, Youth and Sports on the recurring problem of non-replacement of absent teachers encountered in many educational establishments, particularly in secondary education. In secondary education, when teacher absences exceed 15 days, the responsibility for replacement falls to academic services. The replacements are holders in the replacement zone (TZR), but they can also be contract workers hired on permanent or fixed-term contracts to compensate for possible shortages of available teaching staff. However, there remains a constraint regarding the use of permanent or fixed-term contracts. These personnel must in fact depend on the academy where the establishment in which they are required to carry out a replacement is located. However, some professors do not reside not necessarily in the academy on which they depend. Some, for example, live on the territory of another academy for family reasons. However, in this type of situation, these replacement teachers on permanent or fixed-term contracts are not “hirable” in their catchment area. This is above all detrimental to the students because it is clear that there is a glaring lack of replacement teachers throughout the country. Number of teachers are sometimes never replaced despite an absence of several weeks, even though everything should be facilitated to allow recourse to teachers available locally. At a time when the number of students dropping out of school has increased due to the covid-19 pandemic, the continuity of the public education service must be ensured by the State in all educational establishments and throughout the territory. national. He therefore wishes to know what measures the Government is considering to enable more fluid recruitment of replacement teachers, for example by giving academies the possibility of using fixed-term or permanent contracts from other academies.
Question· Question écrite39705open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec questions the Secretary of State to the Prime Minister, responsible for people with disabilities, on the inclusion of students with disabilities in ordinary settings, particularly in rural communities. The distribution of roles and skills between public authorities is clear. For primary school children in particular, the department takes care of school transport for students with disabilities and opens their rights through departmental centers for disabled people; support for children in class is provided by national education, and therefore by the State, and their care during meal times and after-school time is the responsibility of the municipality. If all public authorities must be able to contribute, at their level of intervention, to the collective effort in favor of fellow citizens in situations of handicap, it is clear that there are certain limits specific to each institution and that not all of them have sufficient financial room for maneuver. For example, the Brittany Regional Health Agency noted that the Ille-et-Vilaine department is currently missing 748 places in medical-educational institutes (IME), 946 places in therapeutic, educational and pedagogical institutes (ITEP) and 503 places in special education and home care services (SESSAD). The distortions of resources are also glaring at the municipal level, in particular to the detriment of small rural municipalities. For example, for a small town like that of Saint-Péran (in Ille-et-Vilaine), which has 420 inhabitants, the cost of extracurricular support for two hours per day for a primary school student is particularly high: 4,608 annual euros. To this amount must be added 1,900 euros per year for financing the municipal social action center (CCAS) and 15,000 euros per year for overall participation in the operation of schools. Consequently, the sole cost of after-school support for a single child for only two hours per day represents practically 30% of the sums allocated by the municipality for the CCAS and the schools. Certainly, the Fund family allowance can sometimes provide assistance, but the system is not sustainable. While no one should absolve themselves of their responsibilities, it is important that the State ensures a system that is sustainable and understandable for municipalities which do not have sufficient financial room for maneuver to fulfill their obligations. The inclusion of children with disabilities in an ordinary environment, today established as an obvious principle, does not could come up against financial and technical obstacles for local authorities. The place and attention given to fellow citizens with disabilities is a societal choice that calls for national responses. Also, he would like to know the measures that the Government is considering so that all children with disabilities can benefit from the same quality of care, regardless of their place of residence. residence.
Question· Question écrite25632answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice, to the insertion, in the code of social action and families and in the code of education, of the prohibition of corporal punishment and humiliating treatment towards minors. Indeed, the law of July 2, 2019 introduced into the civil code the principle according to which “parental authority is exercised without physical or psychological violence”. But according to the 2019 report by the Defender of Rights called “Childhood and violence: the share of public institutions”, certain violence still exists. The Defender of Rights underlines that it emerges from a certain number of situations submitted to his expertise that it is too commonly accepted that light or even serious violence against children can be justified by an educational objective on the part of people having authority over them. (parents, close entourage, education and early childhood professionals). Between the 19th and 20th centuries, parents, educators and childminders were granted the right to correction and discipline. The Court of Cassation currently no longer uses the term “right of correction”, but rather “disciplinary power”. Violence is thus generally accepted when its objective is discipline. school, that is to say ensuring the smooth running of the lesson, responding to a provocative and disrespectful attitude of a student or to insults on the part of a student towards a teacher or an educator. French jurisprudence has, however, clarified that it can only be exercised in a harmless manner and in educational necessity. An example to follow is that of Sweden, which was the first country to ban corporal punishment in 1979. Today, this country highlights, among other beneficial long-term consequences, the reduction in the number of placements of children in homes. Likewise, a recent study cited by the Defender of Rights, combining data from more than 85 countries, showed a correlation between the ban on corporal punishment and the decline in violence among adolescents. Indeed, it is necessary for the child to build himself in a world which is non-violent and benevolent. A child who grows up in a world where violence is accepted, and even shown as an example by so-called “responsible” adults, could see his life as an adult and citizen disrupted. It was therefore time for France to prohibit corporal punishment of children, which it began to do in the law of July 2, 2019, in accordance with the recommendations of the Human Rights Committee. the child and the European Committee of Social Rights. This is of course a great step forward, but it is regrettable that these measures have only been inserted in the civil code, in a part concerning parental authority. As the Defender of Rights has already indicated in his opinion no. 18-28 of November 19, 2018, he considers that the ban on corporal punishment and humiliating treatment against minors must also be inserted in the code of social action and families (in article L. 112-4, which asserts the interests of the child in all decisions concerning him) and in the education code (in article L. 111-2 which establishes for each child the right to educational training). It is important that the legislator establishes the principle, for any professional working with children, of the prohibition of corporal punishment and treatment humiliating. Inclusion in the law must in any case be accompanied by reinforced professional training in listening and non-violent communication. Also, he would like to know if the Government plans to include in the code of social action for families and in the code of education the prohibition of corporal punishment and humiliating treatment against children, to better protect children. children from violence by certain parents, educators and childminders.
Question· Question écrite25282open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec questions the Minister of National Education and Youth about the arrangements planned for students with disabilities for the baccalaureate continuous assessment tests. Concerning the 2021 baccalaureate reform, it is planned, from the year 2019-2020, the introduction of a part of continuous assessment (40%) in the first class, whether for the general or technological sector. This continuous monitoring takes into account counts the results of the report card (10%) and the results of three series of continuous assessment tests (30%). For these tests, the subjects will be chosen from a national bank. The copies will be anonymous and teachers will not correct those of their students. These principles make it possible to guarantee the national character of the examination. The introduction of a part of continuous assessment in the overall mark of the 2021 baccalaureate is a measure of equity which makes it possible to better value the work of students and their progress throughout their two years of study before the baccalaureate. Given that the continuous assessment tests will take place within each educational establishment, he would like to know the material, organizational and budgetary provisions which will ensure the provisions provided for by article L. 112-4 of the education code "for guarantee equal opportunities between candidates, adjustments to the conditions for taking oral, written, practical tests or continuous assessment of examinations or competitions for school education and higher education, made necessary due to a disability or a disabling health condition.
Question· Question écrite20862open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Solidarity and Health to the presence of titanium dioxide in the composition of medicines and cosmetics, even though the Ministry of the Economy recently issued a decree which aims to ban, from 2020, this controversial additive in food products. Indeed, a study on rats, conducted by researchers from the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA) and published in January 2017 in the scientific journal “Scientific Reports”, had highlighted an effect that was not only deleterious for the immune system, but also possibly carcinogenic, of titanium dioxide (TiO2) used by manufacturers in Europe under the name E171. The National Food Safety Agency (ANSES) had also followed in the footsteps of INRA by recommending, in application of the precautionary principle, to limit consumer exposure to this additive. The presence of E171 in certain medicines is all the more worrying as it concerns around 4,000 substances and 7,000 cosmetics that can be ingested, such as toothpastes, balms and lipsticks. Therefore, he would like to know if the Government is considering banning E171 in medicines and cosmetics.
Question· Question écrite16387answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Solidarity and Health to the experimentation of the therapeutic use of cannabis envisaged from the end of 2019. On December 13, 2018, a group of independent experts brought together by the National Medicines Safety Agency (ANSM), the Temporary Specialized Scientific Committee (CSST), considered "relevant to authorize the use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes [...] in certain clinical situations and in the event of insufficient relief or poor tolerance of therapies, whether medicinal or not. Affirming that it had “subscribed to the initial conclusions of the group of independent experts” in a press release released on December 27, 2018, the ANSM announced that it was considering the implementation of an experiment “aimed at establishing a global framework for this use for patients in France”. Thus, the ANSM declared itself favorable to the use of cannabis in therapeutic situations retained by the CSST, that is to say in cases of: pain refractory to therapy, certain forms of severe epilepsy, in the context of supportive care in oncology, in palliative situations, and in the case of pain linked to multiple sclerosis. The experimentation with therapeutic cannabis, as envisaged by the ANSM, will be very supervised. She doesn't will not concern smoked forms, the committee of experts having ruled it out because of the harmful effects on health that its combustion would cause. On the other hand, the CSST will have to define the dose and the method of administration (using a spray, by inhalation, by capsule, by drops or suppositories or even by oils or even through the application of a patch in particular). Furthermore, the CSST will require the keeping of a register in order to evaluate the benefits but also the risks associated with the use of therapeutic cannabis. It will define the qualified places for the distribution of the substance (either by general practitioners or by specialists). Finally, the experts will have to establish a price and under what conditions it can be reimbursed by social security. Currently, around thirty countries authorize medical cannabis. It was recently legalized in United Kingdom (in November 2018), is authorized in around twenty countries in Europe (Switzerland, Croatia, Norway, Israel, Turkey), in several American states and in Canada. Indeed, the cultivation of cannabis, although permitted in France, retains significant room for progress due to the fact that the therapeutic use of the substance is not legal. Authorizing this therapeutic use in France would thus make it possible to develop a real sector French. Furthermore, it should be noted that the French indicate that they are obliged to import this type of product to meet their medical needs. Also, he would like to know the deadline that the Government intends to grant to the ANSM to enable it to render its conclusions on a subject which is likely to provide a response to economic, but also health and societal, issues.
Question· Question écrite14643answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of National Education and Youth to the recurring problems of lack of hygiene, absence of privacy and dilapidated sanitary facilities within schools, which are not without physical and psychological impacts on students. It turns out that one in two children voluntarily refrains from going to the toilet during the entire period spent at school, in due to the poor hygiene of the toilets, the impossibility of preserving their privacy, or even the obsolescence of the facilities which have sometimes been degraded for years. This state of affairs is not without risk for children's health: urinary infections, even kidney failure, stomach aches, constipation or even gastroenteritis can be directly linked to problems with sanitary facilities. Furthermore, in terms of psychological, a recent study demonstrated that the problematic state of the toilets leads to anxiety disorders, including the recurring fear of confinement or of becoming the object of mockery. Due to their configuration, toilets are often the place or, at least, the pretext for teasing that can lead to situations of school harassment. Finally, the difficulties encountered by students with toilets of their establishment have potentially negative consequences on their academic results. Also, he would like to know the provisions, particularly budgetary, that the Government is considering to improve hygiene, privacy and the general condition of sanitary facilities in schools and, thereby, the daily life of students. He also wishes to know what measures the Government is considering so that standards are put in place in this area.
Question· Question écrite14626answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Solidarity and Health to the lack of care available in community medicine during weekends and in the evening. There is indeed a growing phenomenon which is that of overcrowding of hospital emergency services, while some patients could directly consult a general practitioner. These patients go directly to the hospital, particularly during weekends or evening, when their town doctor's office is closed. Furthermore, it is increasingly rare to find a general practitioner who agrees to go to his patients' homes at any time. Not to mention that not all doctors work on-call hours, which raises questions about the public service mission with which they are entrusted. Certainly, there is a system of doctors and pharmacies on call, but the information is not are not always easy to obtain in terms of their contact details, which encourages patients to take it easy and therefore to consult the hospital, where they will find both available doctors and the medications they need, particularly in inter-metropolitan areas where services are limited, or even non-existent. Therefore, he would like to know the arrangements to facilitate information, via 15 or 112, on the names and contact details of doctors and pharmacies on call in real time. Finally, he would like to know if the Government plans to force doctors to organize themselves, via the Regional Health Agencies (ARS), to ensure on-call hours, given the public service mission that they carry out by virtue of their profession. He would also like to know the list of areas where the on-call service for general practitioners and pharmacists are not insured seven days a week and 24 hours a day.
Question· Question écrite14616answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Solidarity and Health to the creation of a professional certification in hypnotherapy. The use of hypnotherapy is increasingly common in the treatment of various disorders or pathologies: in cases of intense stress, tobacco or sugar addiction, eating disorders or chronic fatigue. Hypnotherapy is also an alternative therapy used for children and adolescents suffering from school phobia, concentration problems or enuresis. In general, around twenty applications of hypnosis have been noted by the National Institute of Health and Medical Research, including addictions, the preventive field, the sports field, acute or chronic pain, gastroenterology, psychology, psycho-traumatology and victimology. In fact, hypnotherapy has experienced exponential development for several years. The PagesJaunes barometer, which deciphers the uses of Internet users in terms of health searches, has in fact noted, since 2017, an increase in requests relating to hypnotherapy of up to 530% in the space of three years. In the absence of professional certification and a professional standard, patients are not able to know who they are addressing. Also, he would like to know what measures the Government intends to take to secure the practice of hypnotherapy in France.
Question· Question écrite14597answered
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Solidarity and Health to the drug shortage situations that pharmacies are repeatedly faced with, particularly for anticancer drugs, anti-infectives and vaccines, which are particularly affected. At the end of the work of an information mission created on this subject, the Senate submitted, at the end of September 2018, a report on the shortage of medicines and of vaccines. According to this report, the shortage of medicines and vaccines would lead to significant financial risks as well as wasted medical and logistical time at all levels of the medicines chain. It would thus contribute to the destabilization of the healthcare system at the same time as a loss of health independence which is worrying for France and for Europe. Among the thirty axes which have been put forward to stop the problem, the Senate report proposes in particular the group purchase of "sensitive" products at European level, the establishment of tax incentives to encourage companies which would set up new production sites in France, or even unpackaging or unit packaging, a measure which appeared in the campaign commitments of the President of the Republic, to limit the waste of medicines. Therefore, he would like to know the approaches that have been taken by the Government to avoid situations of shortage of medicines and vaccines, which are sometimes very problematic, even dramatic, for patients. He also wants to know if he plans to change the obligations of hospital establishments for the organization as well as for the management of their purchases and their stocks of medicines.
Question· Question écrite14367open
France · National Assembly
M. Gaël Le Bohec attire l'attention de Mme la garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice, sur l'augmentation des missions de transfèrement de détenus depuis la parution de la circulaire du 28 septembre 2017 relative à l'organisation de la reprise des missions d'extractions judiciaires par le ministère de la justice. La circulaire avait été prise conjointement par les ministères de l'intérieur et de la justice à la suite d'une mission d'audit conduite le 31 mai 2016 conjointement par l'inspection générale de la justice, l'inspection générale de l'administration et des inspections générales de la gendarmerie et de la police nationale. Cette mission d'audit avait alors émis 39 recommandations dans un rapport publié le 19 octobre 2016 et la plupart avaient été reprises dans un plan d'action inter-directionnel en 17 points. D'ici novembre 2019, l'administration pénitentiaire devrait consacrer 1 650 équivalents temps plein à la réalisation des missions d'extractions pénitentiaires, dont 1 200 auront été transférées par le ministère de l'intérieur. Enfin, le « plan pour la sécurité pénitentiaire et contre la radicalisation violente » du 25 octobre 2016 prévoyait la création d'équipes de sécurité pénitentiaire (ESP) afin de limiter le recours à la police et à la gendarmerie à des circonstances exceptionnelles et ainsi rendre plus efficace le dispositif d'extraction judiciaire. Or, à l'heure actuelle, l'administration pénitentiaire ne dispose pas toujours des moyens matériels et humains nécessaires pour assurer dans les conditions requises les missions d'extractions judiciaires. Elle doit, par conséquent, en appeler aux forces de police ou de gendarmerie pour assurer ces missions, ce qui les éloigne de leur cœur de métier. De fait, les ESP n'assurent qu'un tiers seulement des transferts de détenus au niveau national. Par conséquent, il souhaite savoir quelles mesures le Gouvernement envisage pour permettre aux personnels de l'administration pénitentiaire d'assurer sereinement leurs missions de transfèrement de détenus, et aux forces de police et de gendarmerie de se concentrer sur les missions qui sont les leurs.
Question· Question écrite11184open
France · National Assembly
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Agriculture and Food to a study published in July 2018 by the 60 million consumers Institute concerning gluten-free food products. Supposed to improve health, gluten-free foods are increasingly popular with supermarkets and the French, even if the latter are not intolerant. However, “these ultra-processed products food industry are not without risk,” notes this study which also highlights their “exorbitant prices”. Very high glycemic loads, protein deficiencies, low fiber compositions, high levels of salt and additives (thickeners, emulsifiers): the findings released by the study are worrying since gluten-free foods would be much more caloric than foods without gluten. would not contain. A 2017 Spanish study, cited by the 60 Million Consumer Institute, shows for example that gluten-free bread contains on average twice as much fat as conventional bread while it provides three times less protein. Finally, gluten-free foods would increase insulin secretion and blood sugar levels much more sharply, which is not without danger for people. suffering from diabetes in particular. It is clear that gluten-free foods are seen by consumers as being good for their health even though this is far from obvious. Consequently, he wishes to know the measures that the Government intends to take to improve consumer information on the potential risks linked to the consumption of gluten-free foods. He also wants to know if the The Government plans to better regulate the marketing of gluten-free products which are widely marketed, even though they should only be aimed at a population that is truly intolerant to gluten and, by definition, restricted.
Question· Question écrite45224open
France · National Assembly · 3 December 2022
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec draws the attention of the Minister of Ecological Transition to the need for a relaxation of the self-consumption obligation for agricultural methanization. Agricultural methanization is the process which makes it possible to produce biogas, which is mainly made up of methane (CH4) and which can be transformed into electricity or heat, or be injected into the natural gas network: we then speak of “ biomethane” or “green gas”. However, to produce this biogas, which constitutes a renewable and carbon-free energy, the regulations are very strict and only allow it to be obtained by the degradation of organic matter by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment. In fact, biogas is produced in a closed environment: in a tank called a digester, the temperature of which must be maintained at 40° C. In a conventional installation, part of the The produced biomethane is used to heat the digester. This intra-consumption represents 4 to 5% of the methanizer's production, which is therefore burned on site. The energy sources authorized to heat the digester are strictly defined within the decree of November 23, 2020 repealing the decree of November 23, 2011. While the first decree of 2011 admitted in addition to this self-consumption the use of heat fatal from pre-existing equipment installed on site or on a site located in the immediate vicinity for all methane digesters, the 2020 decree imposed new restrictions. It makes a distinction between methanizers based on wastewater treatment plants and agricultural methanizers: from now on, only methanizers based on the treatment of urban wastewater can use the waste heat from equipment. installed on site. This unfair treatment imposed on agricultural methanizers is all the more incomprehensible given that the production of biogas is encouraged to improve France's energy autonomy. Modifying this regulation would thus make it possible to increase the quantity of gas injected into the networks, without modifying existing installations. He therefore asks it to align the regulations relating to methanization agricultural on that applicable to urban methanization.
Question· Question écrite45396open
France · National Assembly · 4 March 2022
M. Gaël Le Bohec alerte M. le ministre de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation sur la formation des agriculteurs et plus particulièrement des agricultrices. Lors de la visite le 8 mars 2022, journée internationale des droits des femmes, du ministre de la cohésion des territoires et des relations avec les collectivités territoriales dans la 4e circonscription d'Ille-et-Vilaine, on a constaté avec étonnement que les femmes étaient écartées de certaines formations dans les filières agricoles. Face à ces problèmes de rupture d'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, les femmes s'organisent de façon informelle et souvent de manière bénévole pour, par exemple, former leurs collègues femmes à la conduite de tracteurs. Aussi, il souhaiterait savoir s'il existe un état des lieux sur l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes dans les formations aux métiers de l'agriculture. Il souhaiterait enfin savoir quelles mesures le Gouvernement compte prendre pour assurer l'égalité dans ces formations.
Question· Question écrite42918answered
France · National Assembly · 11 July 2021
Mr. Gaël Le Bohec questions the Minister of National Education, Youth and Sports on professional and salary inequalities between women and men in national education. Despite the existence of remuneration scales within national education and despite the fact that national education has approximately 72% women, the work of the Foresight and Performance Evaluation Directorate (DEPP) has reveals in a recent study that on average, in primary education, a female school teacher earns 241 euros less than a man. In the second degree, this difference is approximately 182 euros. Concerning the salaries of other staff, a gap also remains and the DEPP notes that the higher one goes up in the categories, the more the gap increases. The DEPP emphasizes that one of the explanations for this state of affairs lies in salary supplements, with compensation, bonuses and overtime being received more by men. Thus, in the first level, there are more male school directors and, in the second level, it is overtime that is worked more by men. In addition, women have more part-time jobs, which are often very restrictive, according to the DEPP. Thus, in 2019, among teachers aged 30 to 34, 19.4% of women were part-time compared to 4.6% of men. Therefore, he would like to know what measures the Government intends to take to advance the issue of professional equality and to address inequalities between women and men within national education.
Question· Question écrite36812open
France · National Assembly · 2 February 2021
M. Gaël Le Bohec attire l'attention de Mme la ministre de l'enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l'innovation sur la crise sanitaire qui affecte particulièrement les jeunes. Dépression, décrochage, perte des jobs étudiants, qui pour certains permettaient de payer la nourriture, un loyer ou des frais de scolarité : le monde étudiant n'est pas épargné. Plusieurs mesures ont été prises par le Gouvernement depuis le début du premier confinement en mars 2020. Ainsi, les demandes de révision du droit à une bourse étudiante pendant la crise sanitaire ont été facilitées pour prendre en compte les revenus de l'année civile écoulée, voire ceux de l'année civile en cours. Un numéro de téléphone national dédié aux aides financières d'urgence et aux démarches à effectuer auprès des CROUS pour en bénéficier a été mis en place. Ces aides, dont le montant maximal peut aller jusqu'à 500 euros, ont d'ailleurs été rendues accessibles aux étudiants boursiers comme aux non boursiers et sont potentiellement octroyées à l'issue d'une enquête sociale (examen d'un dossier, entretien téléphonique individuel avec les assistants sociaux etc.). En outre, lors du confinement de novembre 2020, une aide exceptionnelle de solidarité de 150 euros mensuels a été accordée aux étudiants boursiers et bénéficiaires de l'APL et a été étendue à 45 000 autres jeunes de moins de 25 ans. Concernant l'accès à la nourriture, depuis le 21 janvier 2021, tous les étudiants peuvent bénéficier d'un repas à 1 euro dans les restaurants universitaires. Sur le volet psychologique, certains étudiants peuvent se voir attribuer sous conditions une aide annuelle ou ponctuelle sous forme d'un « chèque psy » afin de bénéficier de consultations par des professionnels. Enfin, pour lutter contre le décrochage et la difficulté de trouver un travail pour payer ses études, le Gouvernement a annoncé en novembre la création de 20 000 jobs étudiants afin de venir en soutien aux étudiants décrocheurs. Ces contrats, passés avec les Crous pour une durée de 4 mois, sont des emplois de tuteurs à raison de dix heures par semaine, le but étant que les étudiants en fin de cursus aident ceux de L1 et L2 à poursuivre leurs cours. En plus d'apporter une aide financière aux premiers en leur permettant de percevoir un revenu, ce soutien aide les seconds à rester dans les rangs de la scolarité. Le Gouvernement a également créé 1 600 emplois de référents étudiants en résidence universitaire. L'objectif de ces ambassadeurs étudiants est de lutter contre l'isolement des jeunes dans les cités universitaires françaises. Au-delà de ces aides qui sont une réponse à une situation d'urgence et de plus en plus problématique pour les étudiants dont le quotidien a été dramatiquement bouleversé depuis le début de la crise sanitaire, il souhaiterait connaître le nombre d'étudiants potentiellement visés par les mesures prises par le Gouvernement et le nombre d'étudiants qui ont in fine bénéficié de ces aides. En d'autres termes, il souhaiterait connaître le taux de recours et de non recours aux nouvelles aides mises en place. Il souhaiterait par ailleurs savoir quelle évaluation a été réalisée au niveau national sur les modalités des conditions d'accès et si des améliorations sont en cours de mise en place. Enfin, il souhaiterait savoir quelles mesures le Gouvernement envisage de pérenniser au-delà de la crise sanitaire parmi plusieurs des mesures prises, la question de la précarité étudiante n'ayant pas émergé de la seule crise liée à la pandémie de la covid-19.
Question· Question écrite28027answered
France · National Assembly · 3 July 2020
M. Gaël Le Bohec alerte M. le ministre de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation sur les conséquences des ondes électromagnétiques sur les animaux d'élevage : accroissement du taux de mortalité, baisse tant qualitative que quantitative de la production de lait, gestations anormales, augmentation sensible de la nervosité des animaux. En décembre 1998, des observations sur les conséquences des ondes électromagnétiques sur les animaux d'élevage ont fait l'objet d'un rapport du ministère de l'agriculture et de la pêche : « Influence sur les élevages des champs électromagnétiques induits par les lignes électriques à haute tension », présenté par Dominique Blatin et Jean-Jacques Benetière. Ce rapport a donné lieu au niveau national à la création d'un groupe de travail permanent sur la sécurité électrique dans les exploitations agricoles (GPSE), afin de mettre en place une veille scientifique et de poursuivre les recherches sur l'éventuelle interaction entre phénomènes électriques et systèmes biologiques. À la même période, un protocole d'accord a été conclu entre le ministère de l'agriculture et EDF, qui prévoit que les deux entités « doivent mettre en commun leurs efforts pour que l'agriculture française dispose de l'énergie électrique dans les conditions de plus grande sécurité, de plus grande qualité et de meilleur respect de l'environnement ». Les travaux de la GSPE se sont achevés en 2001, mais le Sénat a émis un rapport en 2010 soulignant « Les effets sur la santé et l'environnement des champs électromagnétiques produits par les lignes à haute et très haute tension ». Alors que les témoignages d'éleveurs se multiplient dans le pays, il demeure une certaine incompréhension de ces phénomènes qui rend d'autant plus nécessaire la mise en place d'une véritable recherche scientifique pour mesurer et évaluer la propagation et la nocivité des ondes sur les organismes. Étant donné les enjeux de la question, cette recherche scientifique devra pouvoir être assurée par un organisme dont la neutralité, l'indépendance et la transparence ne pourront pas être remises en cause. En attendant la mise en place et les résultats d'une telle recherche scientifique, il importe que le développement des lignes électriques à haute ou très haute tension ou encore de l'éolien réponde à un principe de précaution. Certes, ce développement est nécessaire pour l'environnement, car il s'agit d'énergies propres ou renouvelables. Il doit pouvoir cependant s'organiser de façon à éviter de mettre en danger la pérennité de nombreuses exploitations et les conséquences économiques et sociales sur celles-ci. Au regard de ces divers éléments, il souhaite connaître sa position sur l'établissement éventuel de nouvelles règles qui pourraient s'imposer de manière préventive pour l'implantation de nouvelles lignes de haute ou très haute tension ou d'éoliennes. Il souhaite également savoir quelle politique il compte déployer en matière de recherche scientifique sur le sujet.
Question· Question écrite31609open
France · National Assembly · 7 April 2020
M. Gaël Le Bohec interroge Mme la ministre de la transformation et de la fonction publiques sur la mise en place du dispositif de rupture conventionnelle au sein de la fonction publique. En application des I et III de l'article 72 de la loi n° 2019-828 du 6 août 2019 de transformation de la fonction publique, deux décrets ont été adoptés et sont entrés en vigueur depuis le 1er janvier 2020. Ainsi, le décret n° 2019-1593 prévoit les conditions et la procédure selon lesquelles l'administration et l'agent public peuvent convenir d'un commun accord de la cessation définitive des fonctions ou de la fin du contrat. Il institue, pour les fonctionnaires, une procédure expérimentale de rupture conventionnelle, pour une période de 6 ans jusqu'au 31 décembre 2025, entraînant la radiation des cadres et la perte de la qualité de fonctionnaire, ainsi que le versement d'une indemnité spécifique de rupture conventionnelle. Il instaure également une procédure de rupture conventionnelle entraînant la fin du contrat pour les agents contractuels bénéficiaires d'un contrat à durée indéterminée, ainsi que le versement d'une indemnité spécifique de rupture conventionnelle. La rupture conventionnelle est envisageable pour les fonctionnaires, les agents contractuels à durée indéterminée (CDI) de droit public, les personnels affiliés au régime des pensions des ouvriers des établissements industriels de l'État et pour les praticiens en CDI relevant de l'article L. 6152-1 du code de la santé publique. Par ailleurs, le décret n° 2019-1596 fixe quant à lui les règles relatives au montant plancher de l'indemnité spécifique de rupture conventionnelle instaurée par l'article 72 de la loi n° 2019-828 précitée et expose un montant plafond à cette indemnité. Ce plafond s'articule de la sorte : un quart de mois de rémunération brute par année d'ancienneté pour les années jusqu'à 10 ans ; deux cinquièmes de mois de rémunération brute par année d'ancienneté pour les années à partir de 10 ans et jusqu'à 15 ans ; un demi-mois de rémunération brute par année d'ancienneté à partir de 15 ans et jusqu'à 20 ans ; trois cinquièmes de mois de rémunération brute par année d'ancienneté à partir de 20 ans et jusqu'à 24 ans. Le décret n° 2019-1596 tire les conséquences de l'instauration de l'indemnité spécifique de rupture conventionnelle en abrogeant, à compter du 1er janvier 2020, l'indemnité de départ volontaire pour création ou reprise d'entreprise existant dans la fonction publique de l'État et la fonction publique territoriale, ainsi que l'indemnité de départ volontaire pour projet personnel existant dans la fonction publique territoriale. Au regard des remontées du terrain dans la 4ème circonscription d'Ille-et-Vilaine où il est élu, M. le député a constaté que la mise en œuvre des ruptures conventionnelles dans la fonction publique, et en particulier dans l'éducation nationale, semble connaître un début difficile. Il souhaite par conséquent avoir un état des lieux du dispositif à l'échelle nationale et pour l'ensemble de la fonction publique, avec un focus sur l'éducation nationale. Il souhaite notamment connaître le nombre de ruptures conventionnelles contractées au regard des objectifs fixés.
Question· Question écrite18650open
France · National Assembly · 3 September 2019
M. Gaël Le Bohec attire l'attention de Mme la garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice, sur la situation de précarité menstruelle dans laquelle se trouvent de nombreuses femmes privées de liberté, qui constitue bien souvent une atteinte à leur dignité. Un article publié par le Nouvel Observateur le 19 mars 2019, a mis en lumière la situation inquiétante des femmes en prison, qui ont recours à des moyens de fortune, parfois au péril de leur santé, pour parer l'accès restreint à des protections hygiéniques souvent trop onéreuses et de mauvaise qualité. Dans un avis du 25 janvier 2016 relatif à la situation des femmes privées de liberté, la Contrôleure générale des lieux de privation de liberté (CGLPL) évoque déjà ce problème, indiquant que de nombreuses femmes se plaignent d'une gamme restreinte de produits d'hygiène féminine (tampons ou serviettes hygiéniques, savon de toilette intime, etc.). En particulier, elle préconise qu'une attention particulière doit être portée à la reconstitution des « kit hygiène » pour les femmes, notamment au sein des locaux de garde à vue, « afin d'éviter toute situation de nature à mettre à mal leur hygiène corporelle, voire à attenter à leur dignité. » L'article du Nouvel Observateur corrobore le manque de prise en charge, sur ce point, dans les établissements pénitentiaires, les produits d'hygiène sont distribués gratuitement seulement aux femmes reconnues sans ressources suffisantes, ce qui obligent de nombreuses détenues à envisager des solutions alternatives, inadaptées et comportant des risques sanitaires, telles que l'utilisation de bouteilles plastiques comme coupes menstruelles. Cette précarité menstruelle porte atteinte à leur dignité et leurs conditions d'hygiène, deux éléments pourtant garantis par la législation mise en place tant au niveau français qu'européen. Ainsi, conformément aux articles 22 et 46 de la loi pénitentiaire n° 2009-1436 du 24 novembre 2009, « L'administration pénitentiaire garantit à toute personne détenue le respect de sa dignité et de ses droits », et « assure un hébergement, un accès à l'hygiène, une alimentation et une cohabitation propices à la prévention des affections physiologiques ou psychologiques ». À l'échelle européenne, l'article 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme proscrit la torture et les peines ou traitements inhumains ou dégradants. Par ailleurs, la règle pénitentiaire européenne (RPE) n° 19.7 rappelle que « des mesures spéciales doivent être prises afin de répondre aux besoins hygiéniques des femmes ». L'article du Nouvel Observateur , tout comme le rapport de la CGLPL, fait également apparaître une absence d'harmonisation des normes en matière d'hygiène corporelle dans les lieux de privation de liberté. Les modalités d'accès à des protections hygiéniques sont ainsi extrêmement variables d'un établissement à l'autre. Par exemple, le centre pénitentiaire des femmes de Rennes et la maison d'arrêt de Lille-Sequedin revendent les produits d'hygiène féminine au prix d'achat, tandis que la maison d'arrêt de Nice pratique des prix de 30 % à 60 % plus élevés, invoquant des coûts de livraison et des frais de gestion. Il est à noter que la France a déjà été condamnée à plusieurs reprises par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et par la justice française pour atteinte à la dignité humaine en prison. Malgré ces condamnations et un renforcement de la jurisprudence européenne sur le sujet de la dignité humaine en détention, des conditions de détention indignes persistent et la question spécifique de la précarité menstruelle est souvent passée sous silence, ne faisant pour le moment pas l'objet d'une prise en charge concrète des pouvoirs publics. Dans les lieux où la privation de liberté est de longue durée, l'accès à des produits et matériels d'hygiène corporelle et de beauté est essentiel à la préservation de la dignité humaine et d'une estime de soi souvent mises à mal. Il semble indispensable d'assurer aux femmes détenues un accès optimal aux protections hygiéniques afin de garantir ce qui répond indéniablement à une exigence élémentaire de dignité humaine. Il est à noter que cette exigence représente un coût infime pour les pouvoirs publics. En effet, au 1er janvier 2016, d'après le ministère de la justice, les femmes représentaient 3,5 % des détenus, soit une population de 2 785 femmes. Le coût annuel des protections hygiéniques pouvant être estimé entre 5 et 7 euros mensuel par femme, le montant des fournitures de ces protections devrait se situer entre 167 100 et 233 940 euros. Par conséquent, il souhaiterait savoir quelles mesures elle compte prendre pour répondre au problème de la précarité menstruelle en prison, assurer la distribution des protections hygiéniques en quantité et qualité suffisantes, et garantir une harmonisation dans ce domaine au sein des établissements pénitentiaires sur l'ensemble du territoire.
Question· Question écrite17452answered
France · National Assembly · 2 May 2019
M. Gaël Le Bohec interroge Mme la secrétaire d'État auprès du Premier ministre, chargée de l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes et de la lutte contre les discriminations, sur l'absence de prise en charge par l'assurance maladie des temps d'absence que les employeurs doivent accorder à leurs salariées enceintes. En vertu de l'article L. 1225-16 du code du travail, « la salariée bénéficie d'une autorisation d'absence pour se rendre aux examens médicaux obligatoires prévus par l'article L. 2122-1 du code de la santé publique dans le cadre de la surveillance médicale de la grossesse et des suites de l'accouchement ». L'employeur est également tenu d'accorder ce droit à la salariée bénéficiant d'une assistance médicale à la procréation. Enfin, dans une moindre mesure, le conjoint bénéficie de ces autorisations d'absence dans la limite de trois absences « au maximum ». L'article L. 1225-16 précise que « ces absences n'entraînent aucune diminution de la rémunération et sont assimilées à une période de travail effectif ». Bien que ces temps d'absence accordés aux femmes enceintes ou aux salariées bénéficiant d'une assistance médicale à la procréation soient parfaitement justifiés afin d'assurer une sécurité sanitaire à ces femmes, la prise en charge financière par les entreprises de ces absences crée de fait une inégalité potentielle dans l'employabilité des femmes et en particulier des femmes jeunes. En effet, le coût supporté par l'entreprise est justifié par la maternité d'une de ses salariées alors même que les caisses primaires d'assurance maladie prennent en charge la période du congé de maternité. Cette obligation de prise en charge financière par l'entreprise de la maternité d'une salariée s'ajoute par ailleurs parfois également à une réduction de l'horaire de travail journalier. En effet, si cette réduction de la durée journalière de travail n'est pas une obligation légale, elle peut découler d'une convention collective ouvrant droit à une réduction d'horaire d'une durée variable, parfois pendant toute la grossesse, parfois en partie. Le rôle des pouvoirs publics étant notamment d'assurer une non-discrimination entre les femmes et les hommes dans le monde du travail, il souhaite savoir si le Gouvernement envisage d'assurer une prise en charge, par la sécurité sociale, des autorisations d'absence ainsi que des réductions des horaires de travail journaliers.
Question· Question écrite10586answered
France · National Assembly · 6 October 2018
M. Gaël Le Bohec appelle l'attention de Mme la ministre des solidarités et de la santé sur les restrictions qui perdurent quant aux conditions qui peuvent permettre aux hommes homosexuels de faire don de leur sang. Un arrêté ministériel du 5 avril 2016 a assoupli les règles permettant ces dons de sang. Alors qu'ils étaient interdits par des hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes, cet arrêté a permis, depuis le 10 juillet 2016, aux hommes homosexuels d'effectuer un don de plasma sous certaines conditions ainsi qu'un don de sang en l'absence de relations sexuelles entre hommes durant les douze derniers mois. Si l'arrêté du 5 avril 2016 constitue bien un progrès, il n'en demeure pas moins que l'esprit de sa rédaction constitue une discrimination qui ne saurait perdurer dans l'État de droit français. En effet, l'article L. 1211-6-1 al. 2 du code de la santé publique mentionne que « nul ne peut être exclu du don de sang en raison de son orientation sexuelle ». Aucune donnée scientifique ne vient en outre justifier l'exigence de douze mois d'absence de relations sexuelles. Il est à noter que, pour le reste de la population, les contre-indications liées à des pratiques sexuelles sont plus souples. L'exigence de délai est ainsi de zéro mois pour les personnes ayant un partenaire unique ou pour les femmes ayant des rapports sexuels avec uniquement des femmes, et il n'est que de quatre mois pour les personnes hétérosexuelles ayant des rapports sexuels à risque (rapports non protégés, partenaires multiples). La discrimination à l'encontre des hommes homosexuels est par conséquent flagrante. De surcroît, elle demeure une exception française. En effet, en Espagne, au Portugal ou en Italie, par exemple, le protocole est le même pour tout donneur indépendamment de son orientation sexuelle, de son sexe ou de celui de son ou sa partenaire. La France s'honorerait à ne pas baser les dons de sang sur l'affirmation discriminante d'une « population à risque » qui serait celle des hommes homosexuels. En effet, concernant le VIH, notamment, il est de notoriété publique que ce virus se transmet aussi bien dans les populations homosexuelles qu'hétérosexuelles. Si la communauté homosexuelle a été particulièrement concernée par l'épidémie dans les années 1980, elle a été la première à se protéger et à faire de la prévention. On peut donc considérer qu'il n'y a pas de « population à risque » ; il n'y a que des « pratiques à risques ». Par conséquent et alors que l'Établissement français du sang tirait la sonnette d'alarme en décembre 2017 sur la faiblesse des stocks de sang recensés, il souhaite connaître les dispositions que le Gouvernement entend prendre afin de modifier le protocole de don du sang pour qu'il ne constitue plus une discrimination à l'encontre des hommes homosexuels.
Question· Question écrite10237open
France · National Assembly · 6 March 2018
M. Gaël Le Bohec appelle l'attention de Mme la ministre des solidarités et de la santé sur l'âge maximal prévu mettant fin au versement d'un certain nombre de prestations sociales. Cet âge est généralement de 20 ou 21 ans. C'est ainsi le cas de plusieurs prestations sociales. Par exemple, les allocations familiales sont réservées aux personnes ayant au moins 2 enfants de moins de 20 ans à charge ; le complément familial est versé à partir du troisième enfant à charge âgé de plus de 3 ans et de moins de 21 ans ; l'allocation de soutien familial (ASF) s'adresse aux familles dont les enfants sont âgés de moins de 20 ans ; la pension d'orphelin s'adresse aux enfants de moins de 21 ans dont l'un des parents, fonctionnaire, est décédé. Il résulte de la fin brutale de ces prestations sociales une difficulté financière pour les familles, en particulier du fait que de plus en plus de jeunes adultes poursuivent des études longues. De fait, selon les données de l'Insee de 2016, en 2014, quelque 43,4 % des jeunes de 21 ans poursuivaient des études supérieures et, à 25 ans, ils étaient encore 11,3 %. L'Insee a évalué par ailleurs qu'entre 2000 et 2015, l'enseignement supérieur avait accueilli plus de 310 000 étudiants supplémentaires, un nombre record, et qu'entre 2000 et 2012 le nombre de diplômés bac + 5 en France avait augmenté de 75 %. Cette perte de pouvoir d'achat représente un poids pour les familles, d'autant plus important lorsque leurs enfants âgés de plus de 20 ou 21 ans poursuivent leurs études. Pour un jeune adulte qui poursuit ses études, il s'agit d'une période lourde financièrement : souvent sans ressources, ces jeunes doivent payer un loyer, se nourrir acquitter des droits d'inscription et investir dans l'achat de livres pour leurs études. Face à ces difficultés, les étudiants doivent travailler parallèlement à leurs études. Cela concerne 46 % d'entre eux selon une étude l'Observatoire de la vie étudiante de 2017. Un phénomène qui n'est pas sans conséquences, puisque cette même étude met en avant le fait que 17,7 % des étudiants travaillant à côté de leurs études estiment que cela a un impact négatif sur leurs résultats. Aussi, compte tenu de la volonté du Gouvernement de porter de plus en plus de jeunes adultes vers la poursuite d'études supérieures, il souhaite savoir si celui-ci envisage de considérer la situation des familles dont les enfants poursuivent des études supérieures pour adapter les conditions d'attribution de certaines prestations familiales.
Question· Question écrite12645open
France · National Assembly · 9 February 2018
M. Gaël Le Bohec attire l'attention de M. le ministre d'État, ministre de la transition écologique et solidaire, sur la dernière évolution du tarif bleu d'EDF. Ces nouveaux tarifs révisés durant l'été 2018 prévoient, d'une part, une baisse du kilowatt-heure (kWh) et, d'autre part, une augmentation du tarif des abonnements. Cette évolution tarifaire pénalise les usagers abonnés en petite puissance et qui consomment moins de 2 500 kWh par an. De fait, la baisse de 6,2 % du kWh ne parvient pas à compenser l'augmentation de l'abonnement en 3 kWh, qui a augmenté de 37 %. A contrario , les abonnés à des puissances supérieures sont moins impactés : le prix de l'abonnement augmente de 9,6 % en 6 kWh, de 7,6 % avec l'option heures pleines-heures creuses en 9 kWh, et de 7,4 % en 12 kWh. Compte tenu de la légère baisse du prix du kWh (- 0,8 % en heures pleines et - 1,9 % en heures creuses), les usagers qui consomment le plus sont les plus avantagés, ce qui constitue une situation pour le moins paradoxale. Par conséquent, il souhaite savoir si des mesures de réajustement sont envisagées, notamment dans le but d'inciter les ménages à réaliser des économies d'énergie.