Skip to content
PoliticalRepoPoliticalRepo

Subjects · European Union

Rule of law

Records whose title is actually about this topic. Use a country filter if the list is still too broad.

51 records in EU in 2025

All countriesUnited States · 6,472Austria · 2,101France · 2,068Netherlands · 1,535Ireland · 1,467European Union · 660Germany · 244United Kingdom · 176Belgium · 1Search this topic

Records

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0448_RESdecided

Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 December 2025.#European Commission v Republic of Poland.#Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Article 2 TEU – Article 4(3) TEU – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Rule of law – Effective judicial protection in the fields covered by EU law – Principles of autonomy, primacy, effectiveness and the uniform application of EU law – Principle of the binding effect of the case-law of the Court – Judgments of the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court, Poland) – Judgments of the Court and interim measures under Article 279 TFEU relating to the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Rejection by the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court) of those judgments and of those measures as ultra vires – National constitutional identity – Prohibition issued by the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court) preventing all public authorities from applying Article 2 TEU and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Second paragraph of Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Improper composition of the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court).#Case C-448/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 18 December 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0448decided

Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 December 2025.#European Commission v Republic of Poland.#Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Article 2 TEU – Article 4(3) TEU – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Rule of law – Effective judicial protection in the fields covered by Union law – Principles of autonomy, primacy, effectiveness and the uniform application of EU law – Principle of the binding effect of the case-law of the Court – Judgments of the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court, Poland) – Judgments of the Court and interim measures under Article 279 TFEU relating to the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Rejection by the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court) of those judgments and of those measures as ultra vires – National constitutional identity – Prohibition issued by the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court) preventing all public authorities from applying Article 2 TEU and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Second paragraph of Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Improper composition of the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court).#Case C-448/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 18 December 2025

Record· TOCELEX 62021TO0133_INFdecided

Order of the General Court (Eighth Chamber) of 11 December 2025.#Jegors Buimisters, en qualité d'héritier de Igors Buimisters and Aleksandra Buimistere, en qualité d'héritière de Igors Buimisters v European Central Bank.#Action for damages – Economic and monetary policy – Prudential supervision of credit institutions – Specific supervisory tasks assigned to the ECB – Decision to withdraw a credit institution’s authorisation – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals – Action manifestly lacking any foundation in law.#Case T-133/21.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 11 December 2025

Record· TOCELEX 62021TO0133decided

Order of the General Court (Eighth Chamber) of 11 December 2025.#Jegors Buimisters, en qualité d'héritier de Igors Buimisters and Aleksandra Buimistere, en qualité d'héritière de Igors Buimisters v European Central Bank.#Action for damages – Economic and monetary policy – Prudential supervision of credit institutions – Specific supervisory tasks assigned to the ECB – Decision to withdraw a credit institution’s authorisation – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals – Action manifestly lacking any foundation in law.#Case T-133/21.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 11 December 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62020TJ0384(01)decided

Judgment of the General Court (Third Chamber) of 1 October 2025.#OC v European Commission.#Non-contractual liability – OLAF investigation – Press release – Processing of personal data – Presumption of innocence – Principle of good administration – Duty to act diligently – Confidentiality of OLAF investigations – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law conferring rights on individuals – Causal link – Damage.#Case T-384/20 RENV.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 1 October 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62020TJ0384(01)_RESdecided

Judgment of the General Court (Third Chamber) of 1 October 2025.#OC v European Commission.#Non-contractual liability – OLAF investigation – Press release – Processing of personal data – Presumption of innocence – Principle of good administration – Duty to act diligently – Confidentiality of OLAF investigations – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law conferring rights on individuals – Causal link – Damage.#Case T-384/20 RENV.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 1 October 2025

Record· COCELEX 62024CO0542(01)_INFdecided

Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 30 September 2025.#A. B. v Skarb Państwa – Państwowe Gospodarstwo Leśne Lasy Państwowe Nadleśnictwa C.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 53(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Rule of law – Independence of the judiciary – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by EU law – Principle of judicial independence – Examination of the case on appeal by a single-Judge formation – Option for the president of the court to refer the case to a three-Judge formation – Question of a hypothetical nature – Impossibility, for the referring court to take into account, under its domestic law, any answer given by the Court of Justice – Manifest inadmissibility.#Case C-542/24.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 30 September 2025

Record· COCELEX 62024CO0542(01)decided

Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 30 September 2025.#A. B. v Skarb Państwa – Państwowe Gospodarstwo Leśne Lasy Państwowe Nadleśnictwa C.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Słupsku.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 53(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Rule of law – Independence of the judiciary – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by EU law – Principle of judicial independence – Examination of the case on appeal by a single-Judge formation – Option for the president of the court to refer the case to a three-Judge formation – Question of a hypothetical nature – Impossibility, for the referring court to take into account, under its domestic law, any answer given by the Court of Justice – Manifest inadmissibility.#Case C-542/24.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 30 September 2025

Record· TOCELEX 62024TO0570_INFdecided

Order of the General Court (Sixth Chamber) of 25 September 2025.#Modul University Vienna GmbH v European Health and Digital Executive Agency.#Action for annulment – General regime of conditionality for the protection of the Union budget – Measures for the protection of the Union budget against breaches of the principles of the rule of law in Hungary – Prohibition on entering into legal commitments with a public interest trust established on the basis of Hungarian Act No IX of 2021 or with an entity maintained by such a public interest trust – Decision not to enter into a new legal commitment with the applicant – Identification of the defendant – Partial inadmissibility.#Case T-570/24.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 25 September 2025

Record· TOCELEX 62024TO0570decided

Order of the General Court (Sixth Chamber) of 25 September 2025.#Modul University Vienna GmbH v European Health and Digital Executive Agency.#Action for annulment – General regime of conditionality for the protection of the Union budget – Measures for the protection of the Union budget against breaches of the principles of the rule of law in Hungary – Prohibition on entering into legal commitments with a public interest trust established on the basis of Hungarian Act No IX of 2021 or with an entity maintained by such a public interest trust – Decision not to enter into a new legal commitment with the applicant – Identification of the defendant – Partial inadmissibility.#Case T-570/24.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 25 September 2025

Record· TOCELEX 62020TO0771(01)_RESdecided

Order of the General Court (Sixth Chamber) of 25 September 2025.#KS and KD v Council of the European Union and Others.#Actions for damages – Common foreign and security policy – Damage resulting from the alleged infringement of fundamental rights – Serious offences committed in Kosovo in 1999 – European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (Eulex Kosovo) – Failure to meet formal requirements – Article 76(d) of the Rules of Procedure – Manifest inadmissibility in part – Non-attributability of the alleged omissions – Action in part manifestly lacking any foundation in law.#Case T-771/20 RENV.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 25 September 2025

Record· TOCELEX 62020TO0771(01)decided

Order of the General Court (Sixth Chamber) of 25 September 2025.#KS and KD v Council of the European Union and Others.#Actions for damages – Common foreign and security policy – Damage resulting from the alleged infringement of fundamental rights – Serious offences committed in Kosovo in 1999 – European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (Eulex Kosovo) – Failure to meet formal requirements – Article 76(d) of the Rules of Procedure – Manifest inadmissibility in part – Non-attributability of the alleged omissions – Action in part manifestly lacking any foundation in law.#Case T-771/20 RENV.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 25 September 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62022CJ0225decided

Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 September 2025.#'R' S.A. v AW 'T” sp. z o.o.'.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Apelacyjny w Krakowie.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Independence of judges – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law – National legislation and case-law prohibiting national courts from calling into question the legitimacy of constitutional courts and bodies or from establishing or assessing the lawfulness of the appointment of judges of those courts or bodies – Verification, by a lower court, of compliance by a higher court with requirements relating to the guarantee of an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Izba Kontroli Nadzwyczajnej i Spraw Publicznych (Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs) of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland) – Body that does not constitute an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Primacy of EU law – Possibility of declaring a judicial decision to be null and void.#Case C-225/22.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 4 September 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62022CJ0225_RESdecided

Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 September 2025.#„R” S.A. v AW „T” sp. z o.o.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Independence of judges – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law – National legislation and case-law prohibiting national courts from calling into question the legitimacy of constitutional courts and bodies or from establishing or assessing the lawfulness of the appointment of judges of those courts or bodies – Verification, by a lower court, of compliance by a higher court with requirements relating to the guarantee of an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Izba Kontroli Nadzwyczajnej i Spraw Publicznych (Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs) of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland) – Body that does not constitute an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Primacy of EU law – Possibility of declaring a judicial decision to be null and void.#Case C-225/22.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 4 September 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0422_SUMdecided

Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 1 August 2025.#T.B. and Others v T. S.A. and Others.#References for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Effective judicial protection in areas covered by EU law – Article 19(1), second subparagraph, TEU – Principles of the irremovability and independence of judges – Unconsented appointment of a judge of a supreme court to sit, for a fixed term, in another chamber of that court – Primacy of EU law – Public procurement – Directive 2004/17/EC – Public procurement procedures – Application to an agreement transferring ownership rights relating to green electricity certificates – Directive 92/13/EEC – Article 2d(1) – Review procedures in public procurement – Contract having no legal effect – Contracting entity seeking the annulment of a contract concluded in breach of public procurement rules – Abuse of rights – None.#Joined Cases C-422/23, C-455/23, C-459/23 and C-486/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 1 August 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0422decided

Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 1 August 2025.#T.B. and Others v T. S.A. and Others.#Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Najwyższy.#References for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Effective judicial protection in areas covered by EU law – Article 19(1), second subparagraph, TEU – Principles of the irremovability and independence of judges – Unconsented appointment of a judge of a supreme court to sit, for a fixed term, in another chamber of that court – Primacy of EU law – Public procurement – Directive 2004/17/EC – Public procurement procedures – Application to an agreement transferring ownership rights relating to green electricity certificates – Directive 92/13/EEC – Article 2d(1) – Review procedures in public procurement – Contract having no legal effect – Contracting entity seeking the annulment of a contract concluded in breach of public procurement rules – Abuse of rights – None.#Joined Cases C-422/23, C-455/23, C-459/23 and C-486/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 1 August 2025

Question· QUESTION_WRITTENE-10-2025-003004answered

Rule of law in Albania

European Union · European Parliament · 18 July 2025

Question· QUESTION_WRITTENE-10-2025-002961answered

Rule of law in Poland

European Union · European Parliament · 17 July 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62024CJ0326_SUMdecided

Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 3 July 2025.#Grodno Azot AAT and Khimvolokno Plant v Council of the European Union.#Appeal – Restrictive measures taken in view of the situation in Belarus as regards democracy, the rule of law and human rights – Lists of persons, entities and bodies subject to the freezing of funds and economic resources – Inclusion and maintenance on those lists of Belarusian undertakings almost wholly owned by the State – Listing criterion related to ‘support to the Lukashenko regime’ – Obligation imposed on certain Belarusian undertakings owned or controlled by the State to pay part of their profits to the State pursuant to a mandatory State measure.#Case C-326/24 P.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 3 July 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62024CJ0326decided

Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 3 July 2025.#Grodno Azot AAT and Khimvolokno Plant v Council of the European Union.#Appeal – Restrictive measures taken in view of the situation in Belarus as regards democracy, the rule of law and human rights – Lists of persons, entities and bodies subject to the freezing of funds and economic resources – Inclusion and maintenance on those lists of Belarusian undertakings almost wholly owned by the State – Listing criterion related to ‘support to the Lukashenko regime’ – Obligation imposed on certain Belarusian undertakings owned or controlled by the State to pay part of their profits to the State pursuant to a mandatory State measure.#Case C-326/24 P.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 3 July 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0646decided

Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 3 July 2025.#Criminal proceedings against P.B. and R.S.#Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Wojskowy Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Independence of the judiciary – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective judicial protection in areas covered by EU law – Principle of irremovability of judges – Military judge found unfit for professional military service – National legislation requiring the early retirement of that judge.#Joined Cases C-646/23 and C-661/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 3 July 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0646_RESdecided

Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 3 July 2025.#Criminal proceedings against P.B. and R.S.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Independence of the judiciary – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective judicial protection in areas covered by Union law – Principle of irremovability of judges – Military judge found unfit for professional military service – National legislation requiring the early retirement of that judge.#Joined Cases C-646/23 and C-661/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 3 July 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62023TJ0342_INFdecided

Judgment of the General Court (Third Chamber) of 11 June 2025.#Aquind Ltd v European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators.#Non-contractual liability – Energy – Proposed electricity interconnector connecting the electricity transmission systems in the United Kingdom and France – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals.#Case T-342/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 11 June 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62023TJ0342decided

Judgment of the General Court (Third Chamber) of 11 June 2025.#Aquind Ltd v European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators.#Non-contractual liability – Energy – Proposed electricity interconnector connecting the electricity transmission systems in the United Kingdom and France – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals.#Case T-342/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 11 June 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62020TJ0499_RESdecided

Judgment of the General Court (Eighth Chamber, Extended Composition) of 30 April 2025.#Banco Cooperativo Español, SA v Single Resolution Board.#Economic and Monetary Union – Banking union – Single Resolution Mechanism for credit institutions and certain investment firms (SRM) – Single Resolution Fund (SRF) – Decision of the SRB on the calculation of the 2016 ex ante contributions – Exclusion of certain liabilities from the calculation of the ex ante contributions – Article 5(1)(a), (b) and (f) of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/63 – Plea of illegality – Principle of non-retroactivity – Non-contractual liability – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals – Unjust enrichment.#Case T-499/20.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 30 April 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0313decided

Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 30 April 2025.#Inspektorat kam Visshia sadeben savet.#References for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Judicial independence – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law – Judicial body competent to propose the initiation of disciplinary proceedings against judges, public prosecutors and investigating magistrates, with a view to the imposition of disciplinary penalties – Members of the judicial body remaining in office after the expiry of their term of office – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Data security – Access by a judicial body to data relating to the bank accounts of judges and public prosecutors and of their family members – Judicial authorisation for the purpose of lifting banking secrecy – Court authorising the lifting of banking secrecy – Article 4(7) – Concept of ‘controller’ – Article 51 – Concept of ‘supervisory authority’.#Joined Cases C-313/23, C-316/23 and C-332/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 30 April 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62020TJ0499decided

Judgment of the General Court (Eighth Chamber, Extended Composition) of 30 April 2025.#Banco Cooperativo Español, SA v Single Resolution Board.#Economic and Monetary Union – Banking union – Single Resolution Mechanism for credit institutions and certain investment firms (SRM) – Single Resolution Fund (SRF) – Decision of the SRB on the calculation of the 2016 ex ante contributions – Exclusion of certain liabilities from the calculation of the ex ante contributions – Article 5(1)(a), (b) and (f) of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/63 – Plea of illegality – Principle of non-retroactivity – Non-contractual liability – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals – Unjust enrichment.#Case T-499/20.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 30 April 2025

Record· CJCELEX 62023CJ0313_RESdecided

Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 30 April 2025.#Proceedings brought by Inspektorat kam Visshia sadeben savet.#References for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Judicial independence – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law – Judicial body competent to propose the initiation of disciplinary proceedings against judges, public prosecutors and investigating magistrates, with a view to the imposition of disciplinary penalties – Members of the judicial body remaining in office after the expiry of their term of office – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Data security – Access by a judicial body to data relating to the bank accounts of judges and public prosecutors and of their family members – Judicial authorisation for the purpose of lifting banking secrecy – Court authorising the lifting of banking secrecy – Article 4(7) – Concept of ‘controller’ – Article 51 – Concept of ‘supervisory authority’.#Joined Cases C-313/23, C-316/23 and C-332/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 30 April 2025

Report· CCCELEX 62022CC0225decided

Opinion of Advocate General Spielmann delivered on 10 April 2025.#'R' S.A. v AW 'T” sp. z o.o.'.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Apelacyjny w Krakowie.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Rule of law – Independence of judges – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law – National legislation and case-law prohibiting national courts from calling into question the legitimacy of constitutional courts and bodies or from establishing or assessing the lawfulness of the appointment of judges of those courts or bodies – Verification, by a lower court, of compliance by a higher court with requirements relating to the guarantee of an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Izba Kontroli Nadzwyczajnej i Spraw Publicznych (Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs) of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland) – Body that does not constitute an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law – Primacy of EU law – Possibility of declaring a judicial decision to be null and void.#Case C-225/22.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 10 April 2025

Record· TJCELEX 62023TJ0350_RESdecided

Judgment of the General Court (Second Chamber) of 19 March 2025 (Extracts).#Rems Kargins v European Commission.#Non-contractual liability – State aid – Intervention of the Commission as amicus curiae before a national court – Unlawfulness of the conduct alleged against the EU institution – Plea of illegality – Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals – Article 29(2) of Regulation (EU) 2015/1589 – Principles of separation of powers, independence of national courts, right to an effective remedy, impartiality and neutrality.#Case T-350/23.

European Union · Court of Justice of the European Union · 19 March 2025

Page 1 of 2Next